{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,11]],"date-time":"2026-04-11T01:39:08Z","timestamp":1775871548965,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,3]],"date-time":"2020-11-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1604361600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":2,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["136895"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["136895"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000156","name":"Fonds de Recherche du Qu\u00e9bec - Sant\u00e9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["269462"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["269462"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000156","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008240","name":"Fonds de Recherche du Qu\u00e9bec-Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 et Culture","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["N\/A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\/A"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008240","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Exper Analysis Behavior"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Both researchers and practitioners often rely on direct observation to measure and monitor behavior. When these behaviors are too complex or numerous to be measured in vivo, relying on direct observation using human observers increases the amount of resources required to conduct research and to monitor the effects of interventions in practice. To address this issue, we conducted a proof of concept examining whether artificial intelligence could measure vocal stereotypy in individuals with autism. More specifically, we used an artificial neural network with over 1,500\u2009minutes of audio data from 8 different individuals to train and test models to measure vocal stereotypy. Our results showed that the artificial neural network performed adequately (i.e., session\u2010by\u2010session correlation near or above .80 with a human observer) in measuring engagement in vocal stereotypy for 6 of 8 participants. Additional research is needed to further improve the generalizability of the approach.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jeab.636","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,4]],"date-time":"2020-11-04T02:37:43Z","timestamp":1604457463000},"page":"368-380","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Artificial intelligence for the measurement of vocal stereotypy"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"114","author":[{"given":"Marie\u2010Mich\u00e8le","family":"Dufour","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"\u00c9cole de psycho\u00e9ducation Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al"},{"name":"Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire en sant\u00e9 mentale de Montr\u00e9al"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9023-0314","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marc J.","family":"Lanovaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u00c9cole de psycho\u00e9ducation Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al"},{"name":"Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire en sant\u00e9 mentale de Montr\u00e9al"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"Cardinal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"D\u00e9partement de g\u00e9nie logiciel et des TI, \u00c9cole de technologie sup\u00e9rieure"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","volume-title":"BCBA\/BcABA task list","author":"Behavior Analyst Certification Board","year":"2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40489-016-0069-x"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2011.07.065","article-title":"Classification of speech dysfluencies with MFCC and LPCC features","volume":"39","author":"Chia A. O.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Expert Systems with Applications"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rasd.2011.07.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jaba.485"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","volume-title":"Deep learning","author":"Goodfellow I.","year":"2016"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-010-1102-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","volume-title":"Artificial intelligence for humans, volume 3: Deep learning and neural networks","author":"Heaton J.","year":"2015"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","first-page":"4784","article-title":"Delta\u2010spectral cepstral coefficients for robust speech recognition","author":"Kumar K.","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP)"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40614-020-00244-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1901\/jaba.2011.44-647"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40617-019-00361-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1901\/jaba.2007.40-501"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3306","DOI":"10.1109\/EMBC.2018.8513050","article-title":"Vocal stereotypy detection: An initial step to understanding emotions of children with autism spectrum disorder","author":"Min C. H.","year":"2018","journal-title":"2018 Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBS)"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5451","DOI":"10.1109\/EMBC.2019.8856626","article-title":"Training a neural network for vocal stereotypy detection","author":"Min C. H.","year":"2019","journal-title":"2019 Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC)"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2266","DOI":"10.1109\/ICASSP.2010.5495885","article-title":"Novel pattern detection in children with autism spectrum disorder using iterative subspace identification","author":"Min C. H.","year":"2010","journal-title":"2010 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1901\/jaba.2009.42-165"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0145445517748560"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1235","DOI":"10.1109\/ICDMW.2016.0178","article-title":"Applying deep learning to stereotypical motor movement detection in autism spectrum disorders","author":"Rad N. M.","year":"2016","journal-title":"2016 IEEE 16th International Conference on Data Mining Workshops (ICDMW)"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bin.269"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0145445512461650"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2004.11.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_24_1","volume-title":"Artificial intelligence","author":"Rich E.","year":"1991"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1901\/jaba.2012.45-185"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bin.1354"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0000000000002864"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_28_1","volume-title":"Science and human behavior","author":"Skinner B. F.","year":"1951"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_6_29_1","first-page":"33","article-title":"Response interruption and redirection (RIRD) as a behavioral intervention for vocal stereotypy: A systematic review","volume":"53","author":"Spencer V. G.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Education and Training in Autism and Developmental Disabilities"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1109\/ISWC.2005.45","article-title":"Recognizing mimicked autistic self\u2010stimulatory behaviors using HMMs","author":"Westeyn T.","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ninth IEEE International Symposium on Wearable Computers (ISWC'05)"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0145445517743487"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2015.03.009"}],"container-title":["Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/jeab.636","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/jeab.636","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/jeab.636","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,3]],"date-time":"2023-09-03T23:58:26Z","timestamp":1693785506000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/jeab.636"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,11]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/jeab.636"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jeab.636","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.31234\/osf.io\/r2fje","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0022-5002","1938-3711"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-5002","type":"print"},{"value":"1938-3711","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2020-02-24","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-10-12","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-11-03","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}