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Thus, the extent to which estimates of delay discounting are influenced by uncontrolled variance in perceived reward certainty remains unclear. Here we examine 370 participants who were randomly assigned to complete a delay discounting task when reward certainty was either unspecified (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>=184) or specified as 100% (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 186) in the task trials and task instructions. We examined potential group differences in (a) perceived reward certainty across a range of delays, (b) delay discounting, and (c) associations between perceived reward certainty and delay discounting. Delay significantly reduced perceived reward certainty in both groups, although delay did not significantly interact with group to affect perceived certainty. Despite higher perceived reward certainty in the specified group, no significant group difference in delay discounting was observed. Higher perceived reward certainty was associated with lower delay discounting in both groups. However, we found no evidence that specifying reward certainty influences estimates of delay discounting. Future research should examine whether perceived reward certainty moderates associations between delay discounting and health behavior and whether perceived reward certainty is impacted by interventions that change delay discounting.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jeab.70044","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,9]],"date-time":"2025-09-09T17:46:07Z","timestamp":1757439967000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Perceived reward certainty in the assessment of delay discounting"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"124","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5514-7419","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haylee","family":"Downey","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at VTC  Roanoke VA United States of America"},{"name":"Graduate Program in Translational Biology, Medicine, and Health, Virginia Tech  Blacksburg VA United States of America"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alicia","family":"Alvarez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Biostatistics and Health Data Science, Virginia Tech  Roanoke VA United States of America"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenyan","family":"Ji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Biostatistics and Health Data Science, Virginia Tech  Roanoke VA United States of America"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8122-1312","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alicia","family":"Lozano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Biostatistics and Health Data Science, Virginia Tech  Roanoke VA United States of America"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9612-2197","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandra","family":"Hanlon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Biostatistics and Health Data Science, Virginia Tech  Roanoke VA United States of America"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5251-3447","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeffrey S.","family":"Stein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at VTC  Roanoke VA United States of America"},{"name":"Department of Human Nutrition, Foods, and Exercise, Virginia Tech  Blacksburg VA United States of America"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/hea0000727"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12144-018-0092-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jeab.219"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beproc.2016.08.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/pha0000549"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2009.10.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03395199"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08964289.2020.1712581"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2007.01743.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/icb\/36.4.496"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/12069-003"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11135-021-01252-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/12069-006"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17470210903276350"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beproc.2012.09.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/s13423-021-01890-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/1064-1297.16.3.264"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.643670"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","unstructured":"Koffarnus M. 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