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Thirty undergraduate students walked on a nonmotorized treadmill for a 15\u2010min session consisting of an initial continuous music component, three synchronous reinforcement components, and a final continuous music component. During the initial continuous music component (CM 1), participants received continuous access to self\u2010selected music, and their mean speed was used to set individualized criteria for the synchronous components. In the synchronous components, music was delivered contingent on maintaining a speed of 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3\u2009m\/s above CM 1, respectively. During the final component, music was provided continuously. Results showed that 23 of 30 participants (76.7%) demonstrated schedule control by maintaining walking speed above criterion for the majority of synchronous components. Heart rate increased across components in accordance with speed requirements, and ratings of perceived exertion indicated moderate physical effort. Notably, several participants who did not demonstrate schedule control showed increased walking speed during the final continuous music component. Overall, the findings indicate that synchronous reinforcement using participant\u2010selected music can produce stepwise increases in walking speed, supporting its potential as a socially significant and low\u2010cost strategy to promote aerobic physical activity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jeab.70096","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T02:35:06Z","timestamp":1773023706000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Evaluating effects of synchronous music reinforcement on increasing treadmill walking speed in a stepwise fashion"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"125","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2964-2635","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emma J.","family":"Walker","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child and Family Studies University of South Florida  Tampa FL USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stephanie","family":"Howell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child and Family Studies University of South Florida  Tampa FL USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Claudia","family":"Reyes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child and Family Studies University of South Florida  Tampa FL USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6331-298X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raymond G.","family":"Miltenberger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child and Family Studies University of South Florida  Tampa FL USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-8541-3829","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shreeya","family":"Deshmukh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child and Family Studies University of South Florida  Tampa FL USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5894-6809","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John T.","family":"Rapp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychological Sciences Auburn University  Auburn AL USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jonathan W.","family":"Pinkston","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Behavioral Science University of Kansas  Lawrence KS USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2019-7843","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel J.","family":"Sheridan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychological Sciences Auburn University  Auburn AL USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jfmk6020033"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jaba.70008"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jaba.964"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2018.07.475"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7334\/psicothema2022.292"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2008-1026080"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/15598276241253160"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 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