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We evaluated whether these findings extended to human participants using a gamified computer task within a three\u2010phase resurgence evaluation across three experimental groups. In Phase 1, target responses produced isolated reinforcement across all groups. In Phase 2, target responses were placed on extinction across all groups but alternative responses produced either synthesized, isolated, or no reinforcement based on group assignment. In Phase 3, target and alternative responses were placed on extinction across all groups. Resurgence occurred for groups experiencing synthesized and isolated alternative reinforcement, and resurgence was greater following synthesized reinforcement. Unlike previous human\u2010operant research, extinction also reliably produced reductions in both target and alternative responding without other programmed contingencies for these responses. These findings may have important implications for clinical practice and future translational and applied research.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jeab.70134","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T07:39:46Z","timestamp":1787038786000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Human\u2010operant evaluation of synthesized alternative reinforcement and resurgence"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"126","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4219-8735","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sean W.","family":"Smith","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Biobehavioral Health Unit  Syracuse NY USA"},{"name":"SUNY Upstate Medical University  Syracuse NY USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9664-5879","authenticated-orcid":false,"suffix":"IV","given":"Courtney R.","family":"Mauzy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SUNY Upstate Medical University  Syracuse NY USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7939-162X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Casey Irwin","family":"Helvey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Children's Specialized Hospital\u2013Rutgers University Center for Autism Research, Education, and Services (CSH\u2013RUCARES)  Somerset NJ USA"},{"name":"Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School  New Brunswick NJ USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8256-9994","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brian D.","family":"Greer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Children's Specialized Hospital\u2013Rutgers University Center for Autism Research, Education, and Services (CSH\u2013RUCARES)  Somerset NJ USA"},{"name":"Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School  New Brunswick NJ USA"},{"name":"Rutgers Brain Health Institute  Piscataway NJ USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7790-3329","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"William E.","family":"Sullivan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SUNY Upstate Medical University  Syracuse NY USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7201-8419","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Henry S.","family":"Roane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biobehavioral Health Unit  Syracuse NY USA"},{"name":"SUNY Upstate Medical University  Syracuse NY USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2512-3205","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew R.","family":"Craig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SUNY Upstate Medical University  Syracuse NY USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jeab.178"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lmot.2010.08.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03392383"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1901\/jeab.1969.12-861"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beproc.2017.05.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-018-5076-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beproc.2012.03.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jaba.472"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1901\/jeab.2009-92-327"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beproc.2018.12.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jeab.245"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17605\/OSF.IO\/FCE36"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jeab.207"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/anbe.1994.1111"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bin.1878"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","first-page":"335","volume-title":"Handbook of applied behavior analysis","author":"Fisher W. 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