{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,9]],"date-time":"2026-05-09T09:59:32Z","timestamp":1778320772527,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2002,10,16]],"date-time":"2002-10-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1034726400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microscopy Res &amp; Technique"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The carotid body (CB) is a highly specialized small organ located at the bifurcation of the common carotid artery in the neck and plays an important role in acute adaptation to hypoxia. The most common diseased state of the carotid body is its enlargement (i.e., the CB paraganglioma), which can be caused by a genetic predisposition (hereditary paraganglioma, PGL) and by chronic hypoxic stimulation. The CB is the most common tumor site in head and neck paragangliomas. Currently, inactivating germline mutations in the mitochondrial complex II subunits <jats:italic>SDHB, SDHC,<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>SDHD<\/jats:italic> have been identified as genetic risk factors for CB tumors (CBTs). Another locus at chromosome 11q13, identified by linkage analysis in a single family, may harbor a fourth susceptibility gene. Although CBTs are mostly slow\u2010growing and benign, they can cause significant morbidity because of their proximity to major arteries and nerves in the head and neck. Here, we review the etiological factors implicated in the development of CBTs and provide information pertaining to their clinical presentation. Although CBTs are rare, they have the potential to provide unique insights for tumorigenesis and oxygen sensing and signaling mechanisms. Microsc. Res. Tech. 59:256\u2013261, 2002. \u00a9 2002 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jemt.10200","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,10,17]],"date-time":"2002-10-17T15:56:14Z","timestamp":1034870174000},"page":"256-261","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":64,"title":["Etiopathogenesis and clinical presentation of carotid body tumors"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"59","author":[{"given":"Bora E.","family":"Baysal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eugene N.","family":"Myers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2002,10,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02017418"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","first-page":"636","article-title":"Chronic hypoxia and chemodectomas in bovines at high altitudes","volume":"100","author":"Arias\u2010Stella J","year":"1976","journal-title":"Arch Pathol Lab Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0046-8177(76)80052-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/321282"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)04378-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/gcc.1142"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0030-6665(05)70352-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","first-page":"121","article-title":"Fine mapping of an imprinted gene for familial nonchromaffin paragangliomas, on chromosome 11q23","volume":"60","author":"Baysal BE","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s004390050939"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.287.5454.848"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005537-200008000-00023"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4065\/74.6.543"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","first-page":"147","article-title":"BRCA1, BRCA2 and breast cancer: a concise clinical review","volume":"24","author":"Carter RF","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin Invest Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archotol.1978.00790060038010"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/path.1700360102"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.37.1.129"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/gcc.2870110202"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/path.1711040404"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.med.52.1.371"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.278.5340.1043"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","first-page":"6822","article-title":"Somatic and occult germ\u2010line mutations in SDHD, a mitochondrial complex II gene, in nonfamilial pheochromocytoma","volume":"60","author":"Gimm O","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(19801101)46:9<2116::AID-CNCR2820460934>3.0.CO;2-S"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0442.1988.tb00052.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2559.1994.tb01572.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/1.1.7"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000472358"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","first-page":"886","article-title":"Etude de 126 tumeurs ariculaires malign\u00e9s observ\u00e9es en 9 ans a la clinique dermatologic universitaire de Lille","volume":"69","author":"Huriez C","year":"1962","journal-title":"Bull Soc Fr Dermatol Syphiligr"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/29331"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","first-page":"1033","volume-title":"The metabolic and molecular bases of inherited disease","author":"Kinzler KW","year":"2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","first-page":"497","article-title":"Hyperplasia of vagal and carotid body paraganglia in patients with chronic hypoxemia","volume":"91","author":"Lack EE","year":"1978","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_1","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Pathology of adrenal and extra\u2010adrenal paraganglia","author":"Lack EE","year":"1994"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_1","first-page":"41","volume-title":"Pathology of adrenal and extra\u2010adrenal paraganglia","author":"Lack EE","year":"1994"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_1","first-page":"301","article-title":"Carotid body hyperplasia in cystic fibrosis and cyanotic heart disease. 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