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The eyes and the extraocular photoreceptors, such as the pineal organ and hypothalamus, are reported to have an important function not only for photoreception but also for circadian organization in nonmammalian vertebrates, including birds. In this report, we review the roles of the eyes, pineal organ, and deep brain as the components of the multiphotoreceptor and multioscillator system in avian circadian organization. Microsc. Res. Tech. 53:43\u201347, 2001. \u00a9 2001 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jemt.1067","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,8,25]],"date-time":"2002-08-25T17:30:12Z","timestamp":1030296612000},"page":"43-47","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Multiphotoreceptor and multioscillator system in avian circadian organization"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"53","author":[{"given":"Tadashi","family":"Oishi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mikaru","family":"Yamao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chieko","family":"Kondo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuka","family":"Haida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Atsuko","family":"Masuda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Satoshi","family":"Tamotsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2001,3,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-3806(92)90011-K"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","first-page":"136","article-title":"Stimulation par la lumi\u00e8re artificielle du d\u00e9veloppement testiculaire chez des canards aveugl\u00e9s par \u00e9nucl\u00e9ation des globes oculaires","volume":"120","author":"Benoit J","year":"1935","journal-title":"Comp Rend Soc Biol"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1964.tb48175.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.424750"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/282094a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/290706a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01342667"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00605391"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.07-04-00987.1987","article-title":"Photoreceptors and CSF\u2010contacting neurons in the pineal organ of a teleost fish have direct axonal connections with the brain: an HRP\u2010electron\u2010microscope study","volume":"7","author":"Ekstroem P","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","first-page":"969","article-title":"Circadian rhythmicity in photoperiodically induced gonadotropin release and gonadal growth in the quail","volume":"228","author":"Follett BK","year":"1969","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00194586","article-title":"Circadian nature of the photoperiodic clock in Japanese quail","volume":"171","author":"Follett BK","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Comp Physiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/313050a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01239977"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.160.3832.1125"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00340684"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000122552"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s004410050870"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-91-5-1318"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","first-page":"333","volume-title":"Biochronometry","author":"Homma K","year":"1971"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.178.4059.421"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","first-page":"27","article-title":"Studies on the effects of the artificial illumination upon the development of the gonad in the fowl. 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