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Submammalian pinealocytes resemble the photoreceptor cells of the retina, and some of their cytologic characteristics are preserved in the mammalian pinealocytes together with compounds demonstrable by cyto\u2010 and immunocyto\u2010chemistry and participating in photochemical transduction. In our opinion, the main trend of today's literature on pineal functions\u2014only considering the organ as a common endocrine gland\u2014deviates from this structural and histochemical basis.<\/jats:p><jats:p>In mammals, similar to the lower vertebrates, the pinealocytes have a sensory cilium developed to a different extent. The axonic processes of pinealocytes form ribbon\u2010containing synapses on secondary pineal neurons, and\/or neurohormonal terminals on the basal lamina of the surface of the pineal nervous tissue facing the perivascular spaces. Ribbon\u2010containing axo\u2010dendritic synapses were found in the rat, cat, guinea pig, ferret, and hedgehog. In the cat, we found GABA\u2010immunoreactive interneurons, while the secondary nerve cells, whose axons enter the habenular commissure, were GABA\u2010immunonegative. GABA\u2010immunogoldylabeled axons run between pinealocytes and form axo\u2010dendritic synapses on intrapineal neurons.<\/jats:p><jats:p>There is a similarity between the light and electron microscopic localization of Ca ions in the mammalian and submammalian pineal organs and retina of various vertebrates. Calcium pyroantimonate deposits\u2014showing the presence of Ca ions\u2014were found in the outer segments of the pineal and retinal photoreceptors of the frog. In the rat and human pineal organ, calcium accumulated on the plasmalemma of pinealocytes and intercellularly among pinealocytes. The formation of pineal concrements in mammals may be connected to the high need for Ca exchange of the pinealocytes for their supposed receptor and effector functions. \u00a9 1992 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jemt.1070210306","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,2,23]],"date-time":"2005-02-23T17:47:44Z","timestamp":1109180864000},"page":"227-241","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Immunocytochemistry and calcium cytochemistry of the mammalian pineal organ: A comparison with retina and submammalian pineal organs"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"I.","family":"Vigh\u2010Teichmann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"B.","family":"Vigh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,2,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02431274"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00345985"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","first-page":"4","article-title":"Ultracytochemical evidence of calcium in the visual process","volume":"41","author":"Athanassious R.","year":"1984","journal-title":"Mikroskopie (Wien)"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-079X.1987.tb00866.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","first-page":"434","volume-title":"Handbuch der mikroskopischen Anatomie des Menschen","author":"Bargmann W.","year":"1943"},{"volume-title":"Histologie und mikroskopische Anatomie des Menschen","year":"1977","author":"Bargmann W.","key":"e_1_2_1_7_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aja.1001810206"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(87)90119-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/02713688508999970"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","first-page":"20","volume-title":"Retinoids: New Trends in Research and Therapy","author":"Chytil F.","year":"1985"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00333997"},{"volume-title":"Das Nervensystem des Menschen","year":"1959","author":"Clara M.","key":"e_1_2_1_13_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","first-page":"25","article-title":"Indole metabolism at the cellular level: An in vivo combined radiobiochemical and high\u2010resolution autoradiographic study in the avian pineal, with special reference to melatonin\/5\u2010methoxytryptophol","volume":"44","author":"Collin J.\u2010P.","year":"1982","journal-title":"Biol. 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