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The trout lofactory epithelium contains five cell types: ciliated epithelial cells, ciliated olfactory receptor cells, microvillar olfactory receptor cells, supporting cells, and basal cells. The ciliated and microvillar olfactory receptor cells and a small number of basal cells are backfilled by HRP when the tracer is applied to the cut olfactory nerve. When the olfactory nerve is cut, both ciliated and microvillar olfactory receptor cells degenerate within 2 days and are morphologically intact again within 8 days. When wild trout are taken from their native stream and placed in tanks with elevated copper concentrations, ciliated and microvillar cells degenerate. Replacement of these trout into their stream of origin is followed by morphologic restoration of both types of olfactory receptor cells. Ciliated and microvillar receptor cells are primary sensory bipolar neurons whose dendrites make contact with the environment; their axons travel directly to the brain. Consequently, substances can be transported directly from the environment into the brain via these \u201cnaked neurons.\u201d Since fish cannot escape from the water in which they swim, and since that water may occasionally contain brain\u2010toxic substances, the ability to close off\u2014and later reopen\u2014this anatomic gateway to the brain would confer a tremendous selective advantage upon animals that evolved the \u201cbrain\u2010sparing\u201d capacity to do so. Consequently, the unique regenerative powers of vertebrate olfactory receptor neurons may have their evolutionary origin in fishes. \u00a9 1992 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jemt.1070230104","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,2,23]],"date-time":"2005-02-23T17:40:16Z","timestamp":1109180416000},"page":"28-48","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":50,"title":["Ultrastructural neurobiology of the olfactory mucosa of the brown trout, <i>Salmo trutta<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"David Taylor","family":"Moran","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"suffix":"III","given":"J. Carter","family":"Rowley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"George R.","family":"Aiken","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bruce W.","family":"Jafek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,2,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","first-page":"333","article-title":"The fine structure of the olfactory surface of teleost fishes","volume":"106","author":"Bannister L. H.","year":"1965","journal-title":"Q. J. Microsc. 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