{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T14:47:18Z","timestamp":1786978038712,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,2,4]],"date-time":"2005-02-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1107475200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":3414,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microscopy Res &amp; Technique"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1995,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Parathyroid glands (n = 271) removed from 130 patients were examined by light and electron microscopy. A standardized method of tissue processing was employed and morphometry was performed. The aim of the paper is to provide a description of the human parathyroid chief cell ultrastructure in health and disease, with quantitative evaluation of structures involved in secretion of parathyroid hormone in a large case series, and to discuss their role in current diagnostic histopathology. The patients were euparathyroid (n = 10), or affected by primary (n = 97), secondary (n = 8), or tertiary (n = 15) hyperparathyroidism. In normal glands, solid parenchyma was composed of chief cells, large clear cells, transitional\u2010oxyphil cells, and oxyphil cells. Chief cell hyperplasia, pseudo\u2010adenomatous hyperplasia, adenoma, water\u2010clear cell hyperplasia, and carcinoma were the most usual forms of parathyroid disease responsible for primary hyperparathyroidism. In chief cell hyperplasia, all the parathyroid glands were enlarged and the chief cells were in an active state of hormone secretion, with a large Golgi complex, abundant rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER), small lipid droplets, and tortuous plasma membrane. In pseudo\u2010adenomatous hyperplasia, one gland was enlarged and the others displayed a normal size; however, electron microscopic examination and morphometric analysis showed that all the glands had active cells. Adenomas displayed a pattern similar to those of pseudo\u2010adenomatous hyperplasia, with one gland enlarged and the others of normal size. However, ultrastructural examination and morphometry showed that the normal\u2010size glands were hypo\u2010active. Water\u2010clear cell hyperplasia showed cells filled with cytoplasmic vacuoles. In these cells, structures with intermediate features between secretory granules and vacuoles were visible. Nucleo\u2010cytoplasmic atypias were frequently visible in parathyroid carcinoma cells. In secondary and tertiary hyperplasia, active chief cells were regularly mixed with oxyphil or transitional\u2010oxyphil cells. The tertiary hyperplasia was characterized by RER\u2010associated structures that were not found in the normal or other pathologic conditions. These results demonstrate that electron microscopy and morphometry represent useful tools in parathyroid histopathology. \u00a9 1995 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jemt.1070320210","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,2,23]],"date-time":"2005-02-23T16:18:59Z","timestamp":1109175539000},"page":"164-179","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Ultrastructure of human parathyroid cells in health and disease"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"32","author":[{"given":"Saverio","family":"Cinti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Sbarbati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,2,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Ultrastructural pathology of parathyroid glands","volume":"56","author":"Alten\u00e4hr E.","year":"1972","journal-title":"Curr. Top. Pathol."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","first-page":"354","article-title":"Oxydative enzymes in epithelial cells of normal and pathological parathyroid glands: A histochemical study","volume":"10","author":"Balogh K.","year":"1961","journal-title":"Lab. Invest."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","first-page":"310","article-title":"Histochemical and electron microscopic studies of eosinophilic granular cells (oncocytes) in tumors of the parotid gland","volume":"14","author":"Balogh K.","year":"1965","journal-title":"Lab. Invest."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02896557","article-title":"Unimpaired membrane dynamics in parathyroid cells in insulin deficient rats","volume":"55","author":"Bertoni G.","year":"1988","journal-title":"Virchows Arch. B Cell Pathol."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","first-page":"225","article-title":"Correlative light and electron microscopy in primary hyperparathyroidism","volume":"88","author":"Black W. C.","year":"1969","journal-title":"Arch. Pathol."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcp\/53.5.565"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcp\/49.6.761"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9610(67)90012-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","first-page":"129","volume-title":"Pathobiology Annual","author":"Capen C. C.","year":"1973"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","series-title":"Series 2, fascicle 4","volume-title":"Atlas of Tumor Pathology","author":"Castleman B.","year":"1978"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000478-198203000-00019"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","first-page":"199","article-title":"Parathyroid glands in primary hyperparathyroidism","volume":"5","author":"Cinti S.","year":"1991","journal-title":"Ital. J. Electrolyte Metab."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","first-page":"521","article-title":"Ribosome\u2010lamellae complex in the adenoma cells of the human parathyroid gland","volume":"14","author":"Cinti S.","year":"1982","journal-title":"J. Submicrosc. Cytol."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","first-page":"293","article-title":"Submicroscopic aspects of the chief cells in a case of parathyroid adenoma","volume":"12","author":"Cinti S.","year":"1980","journal-title":"J. Submicrosc. Cytol."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","first-page":"89","article-title":"Possible ultrastructural markers of parathyroid adenoma","volume":"1","author":"Cinti S.","year":"1980","journal-title":"Miner. Metab. Res."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/01913128209016652"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","first-page":"661","article-title":"The normal human parathyroid gland","volume":"15","author":"Cinti S.","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Submicrosc. Cytol."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0046-8177(86)80088-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","first-page":"397","article-title":"Aspetti morfologici quantitativi della paratiroide umana normale","volume":"64","author":"Cinti S.","year":"1988","journal-title":"Boll. Soc. Ital. Biol. Sper."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/path.1711600108"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/path.1711670305"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","first-page":"224","article-title":"Sudan IV stain: Its limitations in evaluating parathyroid functional status","volume":"106","author":"Dufour D. R.","year":"1982","journal-title":"Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0046-8177(82)80293-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000147082"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/path.1711020402"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","first-page":"70","article-title":"The parathyroid adenoma. A histopathologic definition with a study of 172 cases of primary hyperparathyroidism","volume":"115","author":"Ghandur\u2010Mnaymneh L.","year":"1984","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","first-page":"292","article-title":"The parathyroid gland in helth and disease","volume":"125","author":"Ghandur\u2010Mnaymneh L.","year":"1986","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","first-page":"943","article-title":"Case records of the Massachusetts General Hospital","volume":"268","author":"Goar W. T.","year":"1963","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000658-197001000-00013"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","first-page":"283","article-title":"Letter to the Editor","volume":"4","author":"Hammar S. P.","year":"1983","journal-title":"Ultrastruct. Pathol."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00957034"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_1","volume-title":"Ultrastructural Appearances of Tumors","author":"Henderson D. W.","year":"1986"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9610(79)90420-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_35_1","first-page":"1115","article-title":"DNA patterns in parathyroid disease predict postoperative parathyroid hormone secretion","volume":"104","author":"Irvin G. L.","year":"1988","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_36_1","first-page":"95","article-title":"Ultrastructure of the parathyroid gland","volume":"5","author":"Isono H.","year":"1990","journal-title":"Histol. Histopathol."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000478-198106000-00008"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0046-8177(76)80015-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000147143"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0046-8177(85)80248-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02890119"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.31.7.626"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(1967)20:4<512::AID-CNCR2820200408>3.0.CO;2-W"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_44_1","first-page":"321","article-title":"II pigmento lipofuscinico della paratiroide umana: Ricerca ultrastrutturale ed istochimica","volume":"42","author":"Mazzocchi G.","year":"1967","journal-title":"Atti Soc. Med. Chir. Padova"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_45_1","first-page":"383","article-title":"The human parathyroid glands: An optical and electron microscopic study","volume":"117","author":"Mazzocchi G.","year":"1967","journal-title":"Sperimentale"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0344-0338(11)80165-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.16.2.379"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00330589"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_49_1","first-page":"5","article-title":"Studies on the ultrastructure of the human parathyroid glands in various pathological conditions","volume":"263","author":"Nilson O.","year":"1977","journal-title":"Acta Pathol. Microbiol. Immunol. Scand. [A] [Suppl.]"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0039-6109(16)39947-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_51_1","first-page":"1024","article-title":"DNA histogram of parathyroid tissue in determining extent of parathyroidectomy","volume":"98","author":"Rosen I. B.","year":"1985","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_52_1","first-page":"495","article-title":"Pathology of the parathyroids in hyperparathyroidism: Discussion of recent advances in ths anatomy and pathology of the parathyroid glands","volume":"73","author":"Roth S. I.","year":"1962","journal-title":"Arch. Pathol."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_53_1","first-page":"233","article-title":"The ultrastructure of primary water\u2010clear cell hyperplasia of the parathyroid gland","volume":"61","author":"Roth S. I.","year":"1970","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(71)90116-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00957031"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_56_1","first-page":"143","volume-title":"Evaluation of Thyroid and Parathyroid Function","author":"Roth S. I.","year":"1963"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1969.00300200009002"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_58_1","first-page":"161","article-title":"Ultrastructural and functional correlation of the parathyroid gland","volume":"13","author":"Roth S. I.","year":"1974","journal-title":"Int. Rev. Exp. Pathol."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_59_1","first-page":"521","article-title":"The rapid identification of \u201cnormal\u201d parathyroid glands by the presence of intracellular fat","volume":"84","author":"Roth S. I.","year":"1976","journal-title":"Am. Pathol."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_60_1","first-page":"933","article-title":"The eosinophilic cells of the parathyroid (oxyphil cells), salivary (oncocytes), and thyroid (H\u00fcrthle cells) glands: Light and electron microscopic observations","volume":"11","author":"Roth S. I.","year":"1962","journal-title":"Lab. Invest."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0046-8177(75)80073-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2559.1984.tb02353.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_63_1","first-page":"493","article-title":"An ultrastructural study of acid phosphatase activity in normal, adenomatous and hyperplastic (chief cell type) human parathyroid glands","volume":"77","author":"Shannon W. L.","year":"1974","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_64_1","first-page":"205","article-title":"The human parathyroid chief cell\u2014a model for a polypeptide hormone producing endocrine unit as revealed by various functional and pathological conditions. A thin section and freeze\u2010fracture study","volume":"18","author":"Thiele J.","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Submicrosc. Cytol."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_65_1","first-page":"491","article-title":"Ultrastructural morphometry on human parathyroid tissue. Morphological and functional implications","volume":"20","author":"Thiele J.","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Submicrosc. Cytol."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.4.1.13"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_67_1","first-page":"252","volume-title":"Endocrinology","author":"Wang C. A.","year":"1979"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_68_1","first-page":"334","article-title":"An electron microscopic study of the parathyroid glands in man: Evidence of secretory material","volume":"61","author":"Weymouth R. J.","year":"1969","journal-title":"Acta Endocrinol. (Copen.)"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_69_1","first-page":"529","article-title":"Fine structure of human parathyroid glands: Normal and pathological","volume":"53","author":"Weymouth R. J.","year":"1966","journal-title":"Acta Endocrinol. (Copenh.)"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00216348"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_71_1","first-page":"370","article-title":"Quantitative changes of membranes in rat parathyroid cells related to variations of serum calcium","volume":"47","author":"Wild P.","year":"1982","journal-title":"Lab. Invest."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1768-322X.1984.tb00273.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00492420"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000478-198906000-00006"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1507\/endocrine1927.53.2_110"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V21.4.509.509","article-title":"Virus\u2010like particles in the lymphocytes of a patient with chronic lymphocytic leukemia","volume":"21","author":"Zucker\u2010Franklin D.","year":"1963","journal-title":"Blood"}],"container-title":["Microscopy Research and Technique"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fjemt.1070320210","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/jemt.1070320210","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]],"date-time":"2025-10-16T17:21:23Z","timestamp":1760635283000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/jemt.1070320210"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1995,10]]},"references-count":75,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1995,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/jemt.1070320210"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jemt.1070320210","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1059-910X","1097-0029"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1059-910X","type":"print"},{"value":"1097-0029","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1995,10]]}}}