{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T19:18:49Z","timestamp":1790795929049,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3-4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,11,7]],"date-time":"2005-11-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1131321600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":6,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microscopy Res &amp;amp; Technique"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSE) that manifest as Creutzfeldt\u2010Jakob disease in humans, as scrapie in sheep and goats, mad cow disease in cattle, or chronic wasting disease in cervids (deer) represent a serious human health crisis and a significant economical problem. Despite much research, the nature of the elusive pathogen directly involved with TSE is currently unresolved. This article reviews current pathogen\u2010cell plasma membrane properties, showing that the primary biochemical marker of the prion disease is used as a receptor by the intracellular bacterium <jats:italic>Brucella abortus<\/jats:italic>. Such observation makes plausible the role for the prion in the pathogenesis of TSE, and supports the concept that Spiroplasma, a wall\u2010less bacterium, may be a transmissible agent of TSE. Over the past three decades, we have published convincing evidence that Spiroplasma infection is associated with TSE. The bacterial\u2010prion\u2010receptor concept by other laboratories support a model for TSE wherein a Spiroplasma bacterium can bind to prion receptors (alone or with anchors) on the cell surface lipid raft, allowing entry of the microbe into the cell to initiate infection. The relevance of this new concept is that it offers a new window for future research involving a bacterium in the pathogenesis of TSE. Data from the bacterial\u2010prion\u2010receptor model will aid in the development diagnostic tests and\/or treatment protocols for TSE. Microsc. Res. Tech. 68:239\u2013246, 2005. \u00a9 2005 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jemt.20223","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,11,16]],"date-time":"2005-11-16T12:58:23Z","timestamp":1132145903000},"page":"239-246","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Slow virus disease: Deciphering conflicting data on the transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSE) also called prion diseases"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"68","author":[{"given":"Frank O.","family":"Bastian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cesar D.","family":"Fermin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,11,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI22438"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/22.6.1101"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-291X(66)90478-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0237313100"},{"issue":"13","key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","first-page":"665","article-title":"Spiroplasma\u2010like inclusions in Creutzfeldt\u2010Jakob disease","volume":"103","author":"Bastian FO","year":"1979","journal-title":"Arch Pathol Lab Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","first-page":"49","volume-title":"Creutzfeldt\u2010Jakob disease and other transmissible spongiform encephalopathies","author":"Bastian FO","year":"1991"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jnen\/60.6.613"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","first-page":"660","article-title":"Additional evidence of Spiroplasma in Creutzfeldt\u2010Jakob disease","volume":"1","author":"Bastian FO","year":"1980","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","first-page":"496","article-title":"Neuropathology of Spiroplasma infection in the rat brain","volume":"114","author":"Bastian FO","year":"1984","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2430","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.25.12.2430-2431.1987","article-title":"Antiserum to scrapie\u2010associated fibril protein cross\u2010reacts with Spiroplasma mirum fibril protein","volume":"25","author":"Bastian FO","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0769-2609(87)90143-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yexmp.2004.02.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6822(87)90072-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","series-title":"Slow transmissible diseases of the nervous system","first-page":"71","author":"Bruce ME","year":"1979"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-72-3-595"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-5288(18)33330-7","article-title":"Observation on the remarkable stability of transmissible mink encephalopathy virus","volume":"22","author":"Burger D","year":"1977","journal-title":"Res Vet Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/13550280009013157"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","first-page":"307","article-title":"The suckling mouse cataract agent (SMCA)","volume":"18","author":"Clark HF","year":"1974","journal-title":"Prog Med Virol"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","first-page":"785","article-title":"Etiology and pathogenesis of prion diseases","volume":"146","author":"DeArmond SJ","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.55.1.126-132.1985","article-title":"Characterization of nucleic acids in membrane vesicles from scrapie\u2010infected hamster brain","volume":"55","author":"Dees C","year":"1985","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/13550289609146887"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1462-5822.2002.00230.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.70.7.4724-4728.1996"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/209794a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/142.2.205"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(80)90041-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/104063870101300121"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/tx00008a001"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/386137a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.1993.tb05871.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.275.5298.402"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_1","first-page":"217","article-title":"A special report I. 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