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Of the three retroviruses, two are associated definitively with specific diseases, HIV, with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) and HTLV\u20101, with adult T\u2010cell leukemia\/lymphoma (ATLL) and tropical spastic paraparesis\/HTLV\u20101\u2013associated myelopathy (TSP\/HAM). While an estimated 10\u201320 million people worldwide are infected with HTLV\u2010I, infection is endemic in the Caribbean, parts of Africa, southwestern Japan, and Italy. Approximately 4% of HTLV\u2010I infected individuals develop ATLL, a disease with a poor prognosis. The clinical manifestations of infection and the current biology of HTLV viruses with emphasis on HTLV\u20101 are discussed in detail. The implications for improvements in diagnosis, treatment, intervention, and vaccination are included, as well as a discussion of the emergence of HTLV\u20101 and \u20102 as copathogens among HIV\u20101\u2010infected individuals. Microsc. Res. Tech. 68:176\u2013196, 2005. \u00a9 2005 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jemt.20231","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,11,16]],"date-time":"2005-11-16T12:25:40Z","timestamp":1132143940000},"page":"176-196","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["The human T\u2010cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV\u20101): New insights into the clinical aspects and molecular pathogenesis of adult t\u2010cell leukemia\/lymphoma (ATLL) and tropical spastic paraparesis\/HTLV\u2010associated myelopathy 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