{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T22:27:46Z","timestamp":1790029666488,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3-4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,11,7]],"date-time":"2005-11-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1131321600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":6,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microscopy Res &amp;amp; Technique"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Prior studies have linked retroviruses to various arthropathies and autoimmune diseases. Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome (SS), a systemic autoimmune disease, is characterized by aggressive infiltration of lymphocytes into the salivary and lacrimal glands, resulting in destruction of the glands and dry mouth and eyes (sicca syndrome). The infiltrating lymphocytes in SS may become overtly malignant, and thus, the incidence of lymphoma is greatly increased in SS patients. A human intracisternal A\u2010type retroviral particle type I (HIAP\u2010I) has been isolated from persons with SS. HIAP\u2010I shares a limited number of antigenic epitopes with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), but is distinguishable from HIV by morphological, physical, and biochemical criteria. A substantial majority of patients with SS or systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) have serum antibodies to the proteins of this human retrovirus. Fewer than 3% of the normal blood donor population have antibodies to any HIAP\u2010associated proteins. A second type of a human intracisternal A\u2010type retrovirus, HIAP\u2010II, was detected in a subset of patients with idiopathic CD4 lymphocytopenia (ICL), an AIDS\u2010like immunodeficiency disease. Most HIAP\u2010II positive ICL patients were also antinuclear antibody positive. Reviewed here are additional studies from several laboratories suggesting that HIAP or related viruses may be involved in SLE and other autoimmune conditions. Additionally, results of comprehensive surveys of autoimmune patients to determine seroreactivity to HIAP, and other human retroviruses, including HIV and human T\u2010lymphotropic virus type I, are reported. Microsc. Res. Tech. 68:222\u2013234, 2005. \u00a9 2005 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jemt.20234","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,11,16]],"date-time":"2005-11-16T12:58:11Z","timestamp":1132145891000},"page":"222-234","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Involvement of human intracisternal A\u2010type retroviral particles in autoimmunity"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"68","author":[{"given":"David M.","family":"Sander","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Szabo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William R.","family":"Gallaher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jane E.","family":"Deas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James 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