{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,17]],"date-time":"2025-10-17T00:33:49Z","timestamp":1760661229102,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,5,31]],"date-time":"2012-05-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1338422400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microscopy Res &amp;amp; Technique"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The aboriginal use of reed and bone as raw materials for knives and daggers, respectively, has been well\u2010documented ethnographically in some geographical areas of Melanesia. Because of the significant role that these weapons played in inter\u2010 and intra\u2010ethnic aggression, they can potentially have retained smears from the contact with human blood. To carry out a guiding low\u2010vacuum scanning electron microscopy (SEM) study of specific interest to ethnography, the outsides of a fragment of stalk of giant cane (<jats:italic>Arundo donax<\/jats:italic>) and tibial diaphysis of domestic sheep (<jats:italic>Ovis aries<\/jats:italic>) were smeared with peripheral human blood. No biological specimen preparation was applied to the samples. After just over 1 month, bloodstain boundaries and their neighboring inner areas were examined via secondary electrons by a variable\u2010pressure SEM (VP\u2010SEM) working in low\u2010vacuum mode. On both substrates, bloodstains exhibited micro\u2010scales. No janocyte (erythrocyte negative replica) was observed in the examined areas. However, erythrocytes were seen crowded together as grain\u2010shaped corpuscles in the smear on reed, and several hecatocytes (moon\u2010like shaped erythrocytes) were evidenced in the smear on bone. The results of this study suggest that a VP\u2010SEM working in low\u2010vacuum mode can be used fruitfully to detect blood remains in medium\u2010sized reed and bone antique aboriginal artifacts. This procedure can prospectively help to ethnographic museum curators and aboriginal\u2010art surveyors as an easy guiding test in the valuation of antique traditional weapons prior to acquisition, when the real use of a piece has been claimed by the supplier. Microsc. Res. Tech. 75:1007\u20131011, 2012. \u00a9 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jemt.22084","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,5,31]],"date-time":"2012-05-31T05:51:37Z","timestamp":1338443497000},"page":"1007-1011","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["MRT letter: Human bloodstains on antique aboriginal weapons: A guiding low\u2010vacuum sem study of erythrocytes in experimental samples on ethnographically documented biological raw materials"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"75","author":[{"given":"Policarp","family":"Hortol\u00e0","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,5,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00438240120047591"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1788585"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","first-page":"19","volume-title":"A closer look. recent Australian studies of stone tools","author":"Brass L","year":"1998"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/276338"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3853\/j.0067-1975.37.1985.326"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","first-page":"207","article-title":"Tools on the surface: Residue and use\u2010wear analyses of stone artefacts from Camooweal, northwest Queensland","volume":"30","author":"Cooper JL","year":"2009","journal-title":"Terra Australis"},{"volume-title":"Melanesia. 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