{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T15:13:54Z","timestamp":1789571634744,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,4]],"date-time":"2015-03-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1425427200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microscopy Res &amp;amp; Technique"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>The aim of this study was to evaluate the surface changes of nickel titanium (Ni\u2010Ti) rotary retreatment files after three and five uses. Furthermore, the effects of 2% sodium hypochlorite and chloroform solutions and sterilization procedures on the NiTi rotary retreatment surfaces were investigated. ProTaper Retreatment files, R\u2010endo files, and Mtwo retreatment files were used for this study. The palatinal roots of maxillary molar teeth were obturated with gutta percha and Ah26. Retreatment procedures were performed with these retreatment file systems. The surface changes of untreated NiTi rotary files that were used three and five times, immersed in NaOCl and chloroform and subjected to sterilization procedures were investigated with atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The RMS values, three dimensional images and SEM images at various magnifications were obtained. RMS values showed that all three NiTi rotary retreatment file systems showed significant deteriorations after three and five uses. Cracks, damages and spiral construction deteriorations were detected in the SEM images after three and five uses. Furthermore, the Mtwo 15 file was broken off after five uses. AFM data indicated that 2% NaOCl caused significant surface deteriorations on NiTi rotary files and both AFM and SEM evaluation showed that chloroform solution and sterilization procedures did not cause significant surface deteriorations. In conclusion, ProTaper retreatment, R\u2010endo, and Mtwo retreatment files showed surface damages depending on retreatment procedures. Clinicians have to consider that retreatment files always have a tendency to break off after the third time they have been used. <jats:italic>Microsc. Res. Tech. 78:356\u2013362, 2015<\/jats:italic>. \u00a9 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jemt.22481","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,4]],"date-time":"2015-03-04T04:21:47Z","timestamp":1425442907000},"page":"356-362","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Evaluation of surface alterations in different retreatment nickel\u2010titanium files: <scp>AFM<\/scp> and <scp>SEM<\/scp> study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"78","author":[{"given":"Baran Can","family":"Sa\u011flam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry B\u00fclent Ecevit University Zonguldak Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G\u00fcliz","family":"G\u00f6rg\u00fcl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry Gazi University Ankara 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