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The aim of this study was to assess repair of bone defects in rat calvaria with different types of grafts associated with rhBMP\u20102, through immunohistochemistry and micro computed tomography (CT) analyses. A total of 35 male Wistar rats were selected, each weighing ~250\u2009g, with a waiting period of 6\u2009weeks from the creation of the defect to the sacrifice, and divided into five groups (n\u2009=\u20097): autograft plus 5\u2009\u03bcg rhBMP\u20102 (AuG\/BMP\u20102); allograft plus 5\u2009\u03bcg rhBMP\u20102 (AlG\/BMP\u20102); xenograft (heterologous) plus 5\u2009\u03bcg rhBMP\u20102 (XeG\/BMP\u20102); 5\u2009\u03bcg rhBMP\u20102 (BMP\u20102) and the control group (n\u2009=\u20097). The micro CT reveal that all groups associating different bone grafts with BMP\u20102 showed increased bone formation compared to the control. The immunostaining show that osteocalcin and bone sialoprotein were higher in groups with BMP\u20102 than control group; BMP was high expressed in AuG\/BMP\u20102, AlG\/BMP\u20102, and BMP\u20102; vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) was more expressed in groups with BMP\u20102; VEGF\u2010R2 was low to moderate in AuG\/BMP\u20102, XeG\/BMP\u20102, and BMP\u20102, predominantly moderate in AlG\/BMP\u20102 and low in the control; CD\u201031 was predominantly moderate in AuG\/BMP\u20102, AlG\/BMP\u20102, and XeG\/BMP\u20102, low to moderate in BMP\u20102 and low in the control. The results revealed that rhBMP\u20102 improved bone repair when administered alone, or when associated with different bone grafts.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jemt.23215","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,14]],"date-time":"2019-01-14T03:51:13Z","timestamp":1547437873000},"page":"689-695","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Effectiveness of rhBMP\u20102 association to autogenous, allogeneic, and heterologous bone grafts"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"82","author":[{"given":"Miliane Gon\u00e7alves","family":"Gonzaga","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ribeir\u00e3o Preto Medical School, Department of Biomechanics, Medicine and Rehabilitation of Locomotor University of S\u00e3o Paulo  S\u00e3o Paulo Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruna Gabriela","family":"dos Santos Kotake","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ribeir\u00e3o Preto Medical School, Department of Biomechanics, Medicine and Rehabilitation of Locomotor University of S\u00e3o Paulo  S\u00e3o Paulo Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fellipe Augusto Tocchini","family":"de Figueiredo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ribeir\u00e3o Preto Medical School, Department of Biomechanics, Medicine and Rehabilitation of Locomotor University of S\u00e3o Paulo  S\u00e3o Paulo Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Feldman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, LABOATEM \u2010 Osteoarticular Biology, Tissue Engineering and Emerging Therapies Laboratory National Rosario University  Santa Fe Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edilson","family":"Ervolino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Basic Sciences S\u00e3o Paulo State University  S\u00e3o Paulo Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Cec\u00edlia Gorita","family":"dos Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Dentistry of Ribeir\u00e3o Preto, Department of Pediatric Dentistry University of S\u00e3o Paulo  S\u00e3o Paulo Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0574-153X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o Paulo Mardegan","family":"Issa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Dentistry of Ribeir\u00e3o Preto, Department of Pediatric Dentistry University of S\u00e3o Paulo  S\u00e3o Paulo Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12565-010-0075-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S0102-36162010000600003"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0195-5616(87)50078-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S1676-24442006000100003"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","first-page":"172","article-title":"Xenografts for filling wide bone gaps in total hip revision arthroplasty. 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