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Manual detection of diabetic maculopathy needs much effort and time from ophthalmologists. Detection of exudates from retinal images is applied for the maculopathy disease diagnosis. The first proposed framework in this paper for retinal image classification begins with fuzzy preprocessing in order to improve the original image to enhance the contrast between the objects and the background. After that, image segmentation is performed through binarization of the image to extract both blood vessels and the optic disc and then remove them from the original image. A gradient process is performed on the retinal image after this removal process for discrimination between normal and abnormal cases. Histogram of the gradients is estimated, and consequently the cumulative histogram of gradients is obtained and compared with a threshold cumulative histogram at certain bins. To determine the threshold cumulative histogram, cumulative histograms of images with exudates and images without exudates are obtained and averaged for each type, and the threshold cumulative histogram is set as the average of both cumulative histograms. Certain histogram bins are selected and thresholded according to the estimated threshold cumulative histogram, and the results are used for retinal image classification. In the second framework in this paper, a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) is utilized to classify normal and abnormal cases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jemt.23596","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,22]],"date-time":"2020-12-22T19:59:11Z","timestamp":1608667151000},"page":"394-414","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":73,"title":["Classification of retinal images based on convolutional neural network"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"84","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7585-0371","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Noha A.","family":"El\u2010Hag","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dept. of Electronics and Electrical Comm., Faculty of Engineering Minia University  Minya Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7651-8362","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmed","family":"Sedik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dept. of Robotics and intelligent machines, Faculty of artificial intelligent Kafr elsheikh University  Kafr el\u2010Sheikh Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7509-2120","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Walid","family":"El\u2010Shafai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dept. of Electronics and Electrical Communications, Faculty of Electronic Engineering Menoufia University  Menouf Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1469-4165","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Heba M.","family":"El\u2010Hoseny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dept. of Electronic and Electrical Communication Engineering Al\u2010Obour High Institute for Engineering and Technology  Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3344-5420","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ashraf A. M.","family":"Khalaf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dept. of Electronics and Electrical Comm., Faculty of Engineering Minia University  Minya Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1567-457X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adel S.","family":"El\u2010Fishawy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dept. of Robotics and intelligent machines, Faculty of artificial intelligent Kafr elsheikh University  Kafr el\u2010Sheikh Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8927-2368","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Waleed","family":"Al\u2010Nuaimy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dept. of Electrical and Electronic Engineering University of Liverpool  Liverpool UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4117-3496","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fathi E.","family":"Abd El\u2010Samie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dept. of Electronics and Electrical Communications, Faculty of Electronic Engineering Menoufia University  Menouf Egypt"},{"name":"Department of Electronics and Electrical Communications Engineering Faculty of Electronic Engineering, Menoufia University  Menouf Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7789-9195","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ghada M.","family":"El\u2010Banby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dept. Industrial electronics and control engineering, Faculty of Electronic Engineering Menoufia University  Menouf Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al\u2010BanderB. Al\u2010Nuaimy W. Al\u2010Taee M. A. Williams B. M. & Zheng Y. 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