{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T02:09:11Z","timestamp":1791338951049,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,28]],"date-time":"2020-09-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1601251200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004505","name":"Universit\u00e0 di Catania","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Grant_Piano per la Ricerca 2016\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Grant_Piano per la Ricerca 2016\/2018"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004505","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Microscopy Res &amp; Technique"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The focus of this work was to investigate the toxicity of different metal nanoparticles (gold nanoparticles [AuNPs], silver nanoparticles [AgNPs], titanium dioxide nanoparticles [TiO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>NPs]) on brine shrimp <jats:italic>Artemia salina<\/jats:italic>. We investigated if nanoparticles could have an influence on hatching of cysts and on mortality of larvae. Larvae (also called nauplii) and cysts were exposed to NPs for 24\u2009hr in artificial seawater on microplates. At the end of the test, we assessed the endpoint (immobility\/death) for the larvae by a stereomicroscope. Nauplii that appeared completely motionless, were counted as dead, and the percentages of mortality were calculated for each treatment. Instead for the cysts, the percentages of not\u2010hatched nauplii for each concentration considered were calculated by counting the number of whole cysts. Currently, nanoparticles toxicity has been investigated in several research; in our study we highlighted the nontoxicity of TiO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>NPs on <jats:italic>A. salina<\/jats:italic> nauplii as shown by low percentages of immobilization and on cysts because TiO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>NPs do not affect their hatching. Despite AuNPs exerted toxic effects on hatching, they did not affect larvae development as well as TiO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>NPs. Otherwise, AgNPs induced mortality of the larvae and inhibited cysts hatching.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jemt.23609","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,28]],"date-time":"2020-09-28T14:58:35Z","timestamp":1601305115000},"page":"531-536","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":48,"title":["<i>Artemia salina<\/i>: A microcrustacean to assess engineered nanoparticles toxicity"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"84","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3293-728X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roberta","family":"Pecoraro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences University of Catania  Catania Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4910-4500","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elena Maria","family":"Scalisi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences University of Catania  Catania Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giuseppina","family":"Messina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences University of Catania  Catania Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Fragal\u00e0","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences University of Catania  Catania Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Ignoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences University of Catania  Catania Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Salvaggio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Sicily \u201cA. Mirri\u201d  Catania Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Massimo","family":"Zimbone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CNR\u2010IMM  Catania Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giuliana","family":"Impellizzeri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CNR\u2010IMM  Catania Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5146-3564","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Violetta","family":"Brundo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences University of Catania  Catania Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2006.08.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-012-2794-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C2EM30540B"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11095-010-0318-0"},{"issue":"7","key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2016.00130","article-title":"Toxicity evaluation of new engineered nanomaterials in zebrafish","volume":"13","author":"Brundo M. V.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Frontiers in Physiology"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-37798-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1369-7021(04)00628-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0045-6535(00)00562-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","unstructured":"Guzzella L.(1997).Saggio di tossicit\u00e0 acuta con Artemia sp. In: Centro Italiano Studi di Biologia Ambientale (C. I. S. B. A.) Bollettino (Ed.) Biologia ambientale (Vol. 1 pp. 4\u20139). Manzini P. et al. Bollettino CISBA n. 1\/1997 Milano Italy."},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","first-page":"481","article-title":"Toxicological effects of titanium dioxide nanoparticles: A review of in vivo studies","volume":"15","author":"Iavicoli I.","year":"2011","journal-title":"European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nano.2013.02.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cis.2013.06.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marenvres.2014.08.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-445X(01)00225-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2005.12.037"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2017.01011"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","volume-title":"Artemia research and its applications. 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