{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]],"date-time":"2025-10-21T15:50:49Z","timestamp":1761061849614,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,26]],"date-time":"2023-07-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1690329600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Microscopy Res &amp; Technique"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:label\/><jats:p>This study compares the skeletal calcification pattern of batoid <jats:italic>Raja asterias<\/jats:italic> with the endochondral ossification model of mammalians <jats:italic>Homo sapiens<\/jats:italic> and teleost <jats:italic>Xiphias gladius<\/jats:italic>. Skeletal mineralization serves to stiffen the mobile elements for locomotion. Histology, histochemistry, heat deproteination, scanning electron microscopy (SEM)\/EDAX analysis, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR) have been applied in the study. <jats:italic>H. sapiens<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>X. gladius<\/jats:italic> bone specimens showed similar profiles, <jats:italic>R. asterias<\/jats:italic> calcified cartilage diverges for higher water release and more amorphous bioapatite. In endochondral ossification, fetal calcified cartilage is progressively replaced by bone matrix, while <jats:italic>R. asterias<\/jats:italic> calcified cartilage remains un\u2010remodeled throughout the life span. Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup> and PO<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub><jats:sup>3\u2212<\/jats:sup> concentration in extracellular matrix is suggested to reach the critical salts precipitation point through H<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>O recall from extracellular matrix into both chondroblasts or osteoblasts. Cartilage organic phase layout and incomplete mineralization allow interstitial fluids diffusion, chondrocytes survival, and growth in a calcified tissue lacking of a vascular and canalicular system.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Highlights<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Comparative physico\u2010chemical characterization (TGA, DTG and DSC) testifies the mass loss due to water release, collagen and carbonate decomposition of the three tested matrices.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p><jats:italic>R. asterias<\/jats:italic> calcified cartilage water content is higher than that of <jats:italic>H. sapiens<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>X. gladius<\/jats:italic>, as shown by the respectively highest dehydration enthalpy values.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Lower crystallinity degree of <jats:italic>R. asterias<\/jats:italic> calcified cartilage can be related to the higher amount of collagen in amorphous form than in bone matrix.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>These data can be discussed in terms of the mechanostat theory (Frost, 1966) or by organic\/inorganic phase transformation in the course evolution from fin to limbs.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Mineral analysis documented different charactersof <jats:italic>R. asterias<\/jats:italic> vs <jats:italic>H. sapiens<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>X. gladius<\/jats:italic> calcified matrix.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<\/jats:list><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jemt.24388","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,26]],"date-time":"2023-07-26T06:33:58Z","timestamp":1690353238000},"page":"1568-1582","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Skeletal calcification patterns of batoid, teleost, and mammalian models: Calcified cartilage versus bone matrix"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"86","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3344-2388","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ugo E.","family":"Pazzaglia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"DSMC University of Brescia  Brescia Italy"},{"name":"DMC University of Insubria  Varese Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3738-6632","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcella","family":"Reguzzoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DMC University of Insubria  Varese Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3763-6657","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chiara","family":"Milanese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CSGI, Physical Chemistry Division University of Pavia  Pavia Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7619-8493","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Renata","family":"Manconi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DVM University of Sassari  Sassari Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6956-0677","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luca","family":"Lanteri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DISTAV University of Genova  Genoa Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7522-8200","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tiziana","family":"Cubeddu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DVM University of Sassari  Sassari Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0161-2434","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guido","family":"Zarattini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DSMC University of Brescia  Brescia Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9646-4958","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Piero A.","family":"Zecca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DMC University of Insubria  Varese Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6322-1845","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mario","family":"Raspanti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DMC University of Insubria  Varese Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.41.1.59"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","first-page":"37","volume-title":"Shark, skates and rays","author":"Applegate S. 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