{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T15:09:43Z","timestamp":1772118583730,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,28]],"date-time":"2024-02-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1709078400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Microscopy Res &amp;amp; Technique"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:label\/>\n                    <jats:p>The outbreak of COVID\u201019 exposed the inadequacy of our technical tools for home health surveillance, and recent studies have shown the potential of smartphones as a universal optical microscopic imaging platform for such applications. However, most of them use laboratory\u2010grade optomechanical components and transmitted illuminations to ensure focus tuning capability and imaging quality, which keeps the cost of the equipment high. Here, we propose an ultra\u2010low\u2010cost solution for smartphone microscopy. To realize focus tunability, we designed a seesaw\u2010like structure capable of converting large displacements on one side into small displacements on the other (reduced to \u223c9.1%), which leverages the intrinsic flexibility of 3D printing materials. We achieved a focus\u2010tuning accuracy of \u223c5\u2009\ud835\udf07m, which is 40 times higher than the machining accuracy of the 3D\u2010printed lens holder itself. For microscopic imaging, we used an off\u2010the\u2010shelf smartphone camera lens as the objective and the built\u2010in flashlight as the illumination. To compensate for the resulting image quality degradation, we developed a learning\u2010based image enhancement method. We used the CycleGAN architecture to establish the mapping from smartphone microscope images to benchtop microscope images without pairing. We verified the imaging performance on different biomedical samples. Except for the smartphone, we kept the full costs of the device under 4 USD. We think these efforts to lower the costs of smartphone microscopes will benefit their applications in various scenarios, such as point\u2010of\u2010care testing, on\u2010site diagnosis, and home health surveillance.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Research Highlights<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>We propose a solution for ultra\u2010low\u2010cost smartphone microscopy.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Utilizing the flexibility of 3D\u2010printed material, we can achieve focusing accuracy of \u223c5\u2009\ud835\udf07m.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Such a low\u2010cost device will benefit point\u2010of\u2010care diagnosis and home health surveillance.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <\/jats:list>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jemt.24535","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,29]],"date-time":"2024-02-29T02:10:33Z","timestamp":1709172633000},"page":"1521-1533","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Towards ultra\u2010low\u2010cost smartphone microscopy"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"87","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4981-7065","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haoran","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University  Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Weiyi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University  Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zirui","family":"Zuo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University  Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jianlong","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University  Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.2277"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-021-03184-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","volume-title":"Handbook of optics","author":"Bass M.","year":"2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/OPTICA.4.000701"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mechmachtheory.2010.05.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41377-019-0187-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.12.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2014739117"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10544-017-0209-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","volume-title":"Mechanics of 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