{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,22]],"date-time":"2026-03-22T11:41:01Z","timestamp":1774179661601,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,6]],"date-time":"2024-04-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1712361600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Microscopy Res &amp; Technique"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,8]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>To incorporate different concentrations of Al2<\/jats:sub>O9<\/jats:sub>Zr3<\/jats:sub> (1%, 5%, and 10%) nanoparticles (NP) into the ER adhesive and subsequently assess the impact of this addition on the degree of conversion, \u03bcTBS, and antimicrobial efficacy. The current research involved a wide\u2010ranging examination that merged various investigative techniques, including the application of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) for surface characterization of NP coupled with energy\u2010dispersive x\u2010ray spectroscopy (EDX), Fourier\u2010transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, \u03bcTBS testing, and microbial analysis. Teeth were divided into four groups based on the application of modified and unmodified three\u2010step ER adhesive primer. Group 1 (0% Al2<\/jats:sub>O9<\/jats:sub>Zr3<\/jats:sub> NPs) Control, Group 2 (1% Al2<\/jats:sub>O9<\/jats:sub>Zr3<\/jats:sub> NPs), Group 3 (5% Al2<\/jats:sub>O9<\/jats:sub>Zr3<\/jats:sub> NPs), and Group 4 (10% Al2<\/jats:sub>O9Zr3 NPs). EDX analysis of Al2<\/jats:sub>O9<\/jats:sub>Zr3<\/jats:sub> NPs was performed showing elemental distribution in synthesized NPs. Zirconium (Zr), Aluminum (Al), and Oxides (O2<\/jats:sub>). After primer application, an assessment of the survival rate of Streptococcus mutans<\/jats:italic> was completed. The FTIR spectra were analyzed to observe the characteristic peaks indicating the conversion of double bonds, both before and after the curing process, for the adhesive Etch and rinse containing 1,5,10\u2009wt% Al2<\/jats:sub>O9<\/jats:sub>Zr3<\/jats:sub> NPs. \u03bcTBS and failure mode assessment were performed using a Universal Testing Machine (UTM) and stereomicroscope respectively. The \u03bcTBS and S.mutans<\/jats:italic> survival rates comparison among different groups was performed using one\u2010way ANOVA and Tukey post hoc (p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.05). Group 4 (10\u2009wt% Al2<\/jats:sub>O9<\/jats:sub>Zr3<\/jats:sub> NPs\u2009+\u2009ER adhesive) specimens exhibited the minimum survival of S.mutans<\/jats:italic> (0.11\u2009\u00b1\u20090.02\u2009CFU\/mL). Nonetheless, Group 1 (0\u2009wt% Al2<\/jats:sub>O9<\/jats:sub>Zr3<\/jats:sub> NPs\u2009+\u2009ER adhesive) displayed the maximum surviving S.mutans<\/jats:italic> (0.52\u2009\u00b1\u20090.08\u2009CFU\/mL). Moreover, Group 2 (1\u2009wt% Al2<\/jats:sub>O9<\/jats:sub>Zr3<\/jats:sub> NPs\u2009+\u2009ER adhesive) (21.22\u2009\u00b1\u20090.73\u2009MPa) samples displayed highest \u03bcTBS. However, the bond strength was weakest in Group 1 (0\u2009wt% Al2<\/jats:sub>O9<\/jats:sub>Zr3<\/jats:sub> NPs\u2009+\u2009ER adhesive) (14.13\u2009\u00b1\u20090.32\u2009MPa) study samples. The etch\u2010and\u2010rinse adhesive exhibited enhanced antibacterial activity and micro\u2010tensile bond strength (\u03bcTBS) when 1% Al2<\/jats:sub>O9<\/jats:sub>Zr3<\/jats:sub> NPs was incorporated, as opposed to the control group. Nevertheless, the incorporation of Al2<\/jats:sub>O9<\/jats:sub>Zr3<\/jats:sub> NPs led to a decrease in DC.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Research Highlights<\/jats:title>\n10\u2009wt% Al2<\/jats:sub>O9<\/jats:sub>Zr3<\/jats:sub> NPs\u2009+\u2009ER adhesive specimens exhibited the minimum survival of S.mutans<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n1\u2009wt% Al2<\/jats:sub>O9<\/jats:sub>Zr3<\/jats:sub> NPs\u2009+\u2009ER adhesive samples displayed the most strong composite\/CAD bond.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\nThe highest DC was observed in Group 1: 0\u2009wt% Al2<\/jats:sub>O9<\/jats:sub>Zr3<\/jats:sub> NPs\u2009+\u2009ER adhesive.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<\/jats:list><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jemt.24569","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,6]],"date-time":"2024-04-06T08:54:04Z","timestamp":1712393644000},"page":"1955-1964","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Aluminum zirconate nanoparticles in etch and rinse adhesive to caries affected dentine: An in\u2010vitro scanning electron microscopy, elemental distribution, antibacterial, degree of conversion and micro\u2010tensile bond strength assessment"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"87","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1602-9740","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fayez Hussain","family":"Niazi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Restorative and Prosthetic Dentistry, College of Dentistry Dar Al Uloom University Riyadh Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-2136-8706","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Norhayati","family":"Luddin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dental Sciences Universiti Sains Malaysia Kota Bharu Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abdulaziz Marzouq","family":"Alghawazi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Prosthodontist Prince Mohammed Bin Abdulaziz Hospital Riyadh Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Leen","family":"Al Sebai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Dentistry Dar Al Uloom University Riyadh Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ali","family":"Alqerban","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University Al\u2010Kharj Saudi\u00a0Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yahya M.","family":"Alqahtani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Private Clinic Riyadh Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ali","family":"Barakat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Restorative and Prosthetic Dentistry, College of Dentistry Dar Al Uloom University Riyadh Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abdulaziz","family":"Samran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Restorative and Prosthetic Dentistry, College of Dentistry Dar Al Uloom University Riyadh Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohammed","family":"Noushad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Restorative and Prosthetic Dentistry, College of Dentistry Dar Al Uloom University Riyadh Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2020.102066"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prosdent.2014.09.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/00016357.2012.741699"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2023.103571"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtemb.2021.126840"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/polym12122978"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/photob.2022.0019"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/polym13071093"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5005\/jp-journals-10015-1529"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/polym13121903"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.26355\/eurrev_202309_33757"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/pho.2018.4437"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2280800019880691"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2018.02.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/photob.2019.4661"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.9734\/ARRB\/2017\/36581"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijadhadh.2021.103069"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jemt.23764"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/polym13213794"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2280800020966936"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11051-013-1970-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2221-1691(11)60106-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1559325820941374"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/2053-1591\/abcba7"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceramint.2023.06.296"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2009.01.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-012-0702-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/IJOS.2014.49"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2020.05.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.56557\/upjoz\/2023\/v44i13395"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/S12903-023-03805-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-020-03536-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-017-0332-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0039-1693237"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2015.07.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/ntrev-2019-0035"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.22159\/ijpps.2018v10i1.20636"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2018.05.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2023\/9246297"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ma12132109"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345950740100901"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2022.103044"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matpr.2019.06.605"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.6026\/97320630017760"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/JCD.JCD_31_18"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jemt.24330"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-31470-4_2"}],"container-title":["Microscopy Research and Technique"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/jemt.24569","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]],"date-time":"2025-10-16T18:44:44Z","timestamp":1760640284000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/jemt.24569"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,6]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/jemt.24569"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jemt.24569","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1059-910X","1097-0029"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1059-910X","type":"print"},{"value":"1097-0029","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-01-08","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-03-27","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-04-06","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}