{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T22:05:30Z","timestamp":1791929130710,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,10]],"date-time":"2024-07-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1720569600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Microscopy Res &amp;amp; Technique"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:label\/>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Antibiotic resistance has increased in recent years, especially for pathogens like\n                      <jats:italic>Klebsiella pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                      . Discovering and developing new drugs is challenging due to the high resistance of pathogens. Metal nanoparticles have been widely used in recent years to overcome and treat infections. Gallic acid\u2010coated iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs\u2010GA) were synthesized in a simple and cost\u2010effective method. The morphology characteristics of synthesized IONPs\u2010GA were analyzed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), x\u2010ray diffraction analysis (XRD), and scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis. IONPs were mostly spherical in shape with sizes ranging between 32 and 61\u2009nm. All analyses used in this study confirmed the successful coating of gallic acid to iron oxide. Biological activities were studied phenotypically and on the molecular level, including antibacterial, antibiofilm, and mRNA levels of capsule\u2010associated genes. The results showed high antimicrobial activity of the synthesized nanoparticles against different G\n                      <jats:sup>+ve<\/jats:sup>\n                      and G\n                      <jats:sup>\u2212ve<\/jats:sup>\n                      bacteria. The highest activity was recorded against\n                      <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                      (43\u2009mm) and\n                      <jats:italic>K. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                      (22\u2009mm). The MIC of IONPs against\n                      <jats:italic>K. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                      was 3.12\u2009mg\/mL and SEM analysis showed adhering the IONPs\u2010GA to the cell surface of\n                      <jats:italic>K. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                      resulted in disrupting the cell membrane. Different concentrations of sub\u2010MIC inhibited\n                      <jats:italic>K. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                      biofilm formation with the highest inhibition percentage at \u00bd\u2009\u00d7\u2009MIC (66.86%). Also, the synthesized IONPs\u2010GA differently affected the regulation and mRNA level of capsule\u2010associated genes in\n                      <jats:italic>K. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                      . The results indicated that IONPs\u2010GA could be useful in biological applications such as in drug delivery and treatment wide range of pathogens.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Research Highlights<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Gallic acid was successfully coated into iron oxide nanoparticles synthesized in a simple way.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>IONPs\u2010GA was morphologically characterized using FTIR, XRD, and SEM.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Evaluation the activity of IONPs\u2010GA as antibacterial, antibiofilm, and study the potential level of mRNA affected by IONPs\u2010GA<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <\/jats:list>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jemt.24650","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,10]],"date-time":"2024-07-10T04:52:05Z","timestamp":1720587125000},"page":"2774-2784","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Potential mechanism of gallic acid\u2010coated iron oxide nanoparticles against associated genes of\n                    <i>Klebsiella pneumoniae<\/i>\n                    capsule, antibacterial and antibiofilm"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"87","author":[{"given":"Dhuha S.","family":"Khaleel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, College of Science University of Anbar  Anbar Iraq"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7631-954X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thamer Y.","family":"Mutter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, College of Science University of Anbar  Anbar Iraq"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xing","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences Nanjing Agricultural University  Nanjing People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D1RA00220A"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","article-title":"Genotypic identification of hypervirulent Klebsiella pneumoniae in Anbar, Iraq","volume":"19","author":"Al\u2010Fahdawi A. M.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Malaysian Journal of Microbiology"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/NSA.S99986"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2019.09.020"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2019.00255"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.37557\/gjphm.v1i1.4"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-2920.2007.01491.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S35746"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2022.945491"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jciso.2021.100027"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2018.02.047"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics10070884"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.877995"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-0500-7-13"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.3615"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2016.1240862"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","first-page":"1258","article-title":"Synthesis and characterization of silane modified iron (III) oxide nanoparticles reinforced chitosan nanocomposites","volume":"2","author":"Kumar M. S. C.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Engineering Science & Advanced Technology"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.636588"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/cr068445e"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ja309812z"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2021.07.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.201301081"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.00078-15"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micres.2018.08.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2017.05.047"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymeth.2007.01.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nano7100306"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.00250-22"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S41371"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-017-0308-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-4484\/23\/50\/505401"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.200901158"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.01750-20"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/c3ib40165k"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S121956"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_37_1","unstructured":"Wikler M. A.(2009).Methods for dilution antimicrobial susceptibility test for bacteria that grow aerobically. Approved Standard M7\u2010A8."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics12091350"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2012.08.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2018.00021"}],"container-title":["Microscopy Research and Technique"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/jemt.24650","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]],"date-time":"2025-10-16T15:20:29Z","timestamp":1760628029000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/jemt.24650"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,10]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/jemt.24650"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jemt.24650","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1059-910X","1097-0029"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1059-910X","type":"print"},{"value":"1097-0029","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-05-07","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-06-30","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-07-10","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}