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Their enhanced bioactivity makes them ideal for controlling disease\u2010carrying mollusks, including freshwater snails that transmit\n                    <jats:italic>Schistosomiasis<\/jats:italic>\n                    . This study evaluates the molluscicidal effects of chitosan nanoparticles on\n                    <jats:italic>Biomphalaria alexandrina<\/jats:italic>\n                    snails, including those infected with\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>Schistosoma mansoni<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    , to assess their potential in schistosomiasis control. Chitosan nanoparticles were synthesized by dissolving 0.6% chitosan in 1% acetic acid, adjusting the pH to 4.7, and adding 0.3% TPP under stirring. Sublethal doses (LC\n                    <jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub>\n                    : 49.78\u2009ppm, LC\n                    <jats:sub>25<\/jats:sub>\n                    : 59.02\u2009ppm) were tested on\n                    <jats:italic>Biomphalaria alexandrina<\/jats:italic>\n                    to evaluate toxicity to\n                    <jats:italic>B. alexandrina<\/jats:italic>\n                    snails, effects on laying eggs and their survival rate, hormonal changes, and histological effects in\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>Schistosoma mansoni<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    \u2010infected snails. Flow cytometry assessed Annexin\u2010V levels, survival, infection rate, lifespan, and cercarial production. Sublethal doses (LC\n                    <jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub>\n                    and LC\n                    <jats:sub>25<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) of chitosan nanoparticles significantly reduced snail fecundity and reproductive rates. Hormone levels (progesterone, 17\u2010\u03b2 estradiol, estrogen, and testosterone) declined notably after treatment. Histological analysis revealed extensive cellular damage, vacuolation, and degeneration, particularly in the head\u2010foot region at 3 and 21\u2009days post\u2010infection with\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>S. mansoni<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    . The percentage of apoptotic cells increased, with a notable rise in late apoptosis and necrosis in infected snails treated with LC\n                    <jats:sub>25<\/jats:sub>\n                    \u2009ppm. Exposure to chitosan nanoparticles also led to reduced\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>Schistosoma mansoni<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    infection rates and cercarial production at 3 and 21\u2009days post\u2010infection with\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>S. mansoni<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    . This study confirms the potent molluscicidal effects of chitosan nanoparticles on\n                    <jats:italic>Biomphalaria alexandrina<\/jats:italic>\n                    , reducing reproduction, hormonal levels, and infection rates while inducing apoptosis and histological damage. CNPs show promise as an eco\u2010friendly tool for schistosomiasis control.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jemt.24872","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,24]],"date-time":"2025-04-24T02:15:16Z","timestamp":1745460916000},"page":"2569-2585","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Chitosan Nanoparticles: A Dual Approach for Mollusk and Infection Control in\n                    <i>Biomphalaria alexandrina<\/i>\n                    Snails"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"88","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9856-1281","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hebat\u2010Allah A.","family":"Dokmak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Malacology Department Theodor Bilharz Research Institute  Giza Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marwa A.","family":"Ramadan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laser Application in Metrology, Photochemistry, and Agriculture Department National Institute of Laser Enhanced Science (NILES) Cairo University (CU)  Giza Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amna H.","family":"Faid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laser Application in Metrology, Photochemistry, and Agriculture Department National Institute of Laser Enhanced Science (NILES) Cairo University (CU)  Giza Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olfat A.","family":"Hammam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pathology Department Theodor Bilharz Research Institute  Giza Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samah I.","family":"Ghoname","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Malacology Department Theodor Bilharz Research Institute  Giza Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/2053\u20101591\/ad4c3d"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/sji.12568"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2024.111985"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15517\/rbt.v60i3.1771"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2017.12.133"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12645\u2010025\u201000306\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10103\u2010024\u201003984\u20106"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","first-page":"10","article-title":"Photochemical Effect of Silver Nanoparticles on Flesh Fly Larval Biological System","volume":"124","author":"Ali M. 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