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To address this, we synthesized iron oxide nanoparticles from\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>Ricinus communis<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    L. seed extract via a green method and evaluated their efficacy in CPWW treatment. Characterization by XRD, SEM, and FTIR confirmed the formation of the nanoparticles stabilized by phytochemicals, with functional groups such as hydroxyl (\uf8ffOH) and amine (\uf8ffNH) critical for pollutant binding. At an optimal dosage of 0.08\u2009g\/100\u2009mL, the nanoparticles achieved 74% COD removal, 69% TDS reduction, and 92% decolorization, significantly mitigating the pollutant load of the effluent, thereby minimizing risks to aquatic ecosystems and soil health. Furthermore, FTIR analysis of the treated sludge revealed the potential functional groups facilitating pollutant removal. This study highlights the dual environmental benefit of green\u2010synthesized iron oxide nanoparticles: (1) a sustainable synthesis route avoiding toxic chemicals, and (2) high\u2010efficiency pollutant removal, offering a scalable solution for coffee\u2010processing industries to minimize their ecological footprint. By addressing the dual challenges of waste toxicity and treatment sustainability, this approach aligns with circular economy principles, promoting cleaner production in agro\u2010industrial sectors.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jemt.70047","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,22]],"date-time":"2025-07-22T05:09:12Z","timestamp":1753160952000},"page":"3239-3249","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Green Synthesis of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles for Treating Coffee Cherry Pulping Wastewater: Environmental Implications"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"88","author":[{"given":"Thamaraiselvi","family":"Chandran","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology Mother Teresa Women's University  Kodaikanal Tamil Nadu India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Athira Sudarsanan","family":"Thulasi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology Mother Teresa Women's University  Kodaikanal Tamil Nadu India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Manikandan","family":"Elayaperumal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Nanoscience and Technology Pondicherry University  Puducherry India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fatimah S.","family":"Al\u2010Khattaf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science King Saud University  Riyadh Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ashraf Atef","family":"Hatamleh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science King Saud University  Riyadh Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kathikeyan","family":"Ravi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Herbal Pharmacology and Environmental Sustainability, Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute Chettinad Academy of Research and Education  Kelambakkam Tamil Nadu India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Soon Woong","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil &amp; Energy System Engineering Kyonggi University  Suwon Gyeonggi\u2010Do South Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8764-7840","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Balasubramani","family":"Ravindran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil &amp; Energy System Engineering Kyonggi University  Suwon Gyeonggi\u2010Do South Korea"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Arts Science Commerce and Management Karpagam Academy of Higher Education  Coimbatore Tamil Nadu India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.1c03355"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010022\u201014403\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ma14175012"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/catal13050888"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s41204\u2010022\u201000276\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s41101\u2010023\u201000192\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmrt.2019.10.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matlet.2020.127364"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4028\/www.scientific.net\/KEM.803.382"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","first-page":"514","article-title":"Physical\u2010Chemical, Biochemical and Energetic Characterization of Wastewater Originated From Wet Coffee Processing","volume":"26","author":"Campos C. 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