{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T14:17:14Z","timestamp":1787494634167,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753833600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753833600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100023674","name":"Deanship of Scientific Research, King Khalid University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RGP.2\/37\/46"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGP.2\/37\/46"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100023674","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Microscopy Res &amp; Technique"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Biodiesel synthesis by utilizing nonedible species of oil\u2010bearing seeds is a viable, eco\u2010friendly, and pragmatic approach to combating fossil fuel shortages and environmental pollution. Therefore, in the present research work, hemp oil was extracted in good yield (29.9%) utilizing industrial hemp (\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>Cannabis sativa<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    L.) seeds cultivated in a greenhouse at PCSIR\u2010Lahore, Pakistan, using hydroponic technology (Crop 2022). For maximum biodiesel production, a ternary metal (MgO\u2010ZnO\u2010BaO NPs) nanocatalyst was designed and thoroughly characterized by PXRD, SEM, EDX, and FTIR analysis. Afterward, the nanocatalyst\u2010assisted transesterification of hemp oil was carried out. The transesterification reaction of hemp oil was optimized by response surface methodology based on central composite design (CCD\u2010RSM). A quadratic polynomial equation was employed to predict the optimal yields, while analysis of variance (ANOVA) identified the statistically significant factors influencing the process. The maximum yield of biodiesel (92%) was obtained by adjusting the methanol to hemp oil molar ratio (6:1), temperature at 65\u00b0C, MgO\u2010ZnO\u2010BaO NPs dosage of 2.5\u2009g, and a reaction time of 3\u2009h with a constant stirring rate of 750\u2009rpm. The hemp\u2010oil\u2010based biodiesel was characterized by FTIR and GC\u2010MS analysis. Fuel characteristics of biodiesel were determined according to ASTM D 6751, which were comparable to literature and ASTM standards. The findings of this comprehensive study proved the credibility of hemp seed oil as a feasible nonfood, nonconventional feedstock for producing high\u2010quality biodiesel.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jemt.70051","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,31]],"date-time":"2025-07-31T05:45:11Z","timestamp":1753940711000},"page":"3323-3338","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Trimetallic\n                    <scp>MgO<\/scp>\n                    \u2010\n                    <scp>ZnO<\/scp>\n                    \u2010\n                    <scp>BaO<\/scp>\n                    Nanoparticles Catalyzed Biodiesel Production Using Industrially Cultivated\n                    <scp>\n                      <i>Cannabis sativa<\/i>\n                    <\/scp>\n                    L. Oil:\n                    <scp>RSM<\/scp>\n                    Optimization and Assessment of Fuel Properties"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"88","author":[{"given":"Humaira","family":"Kanwal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Applied Chemistry Research Center, Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Laboratories Complex  Lahore Pakistan"},{"name":"Institute of Chemistry, University of Sargodha  Sargodha Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rabia","family":"Nazir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Applied Chemistry Research Center, Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Laboratories Complex  Lahore Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Farooq","family":"Anwar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Chemistry, University of Sargodha  Sargodha Pakistan"},{"name":"Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology Universiti Putra Malaysia  Serdang Selangor Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2834-5708","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abu Bakar","family":"Siddique","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Chemistry, University of Sargodha  Sargodha Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahsan","family":"Tanvir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Applied Chemistry Research Center, Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Laboratories Complex  Lahore Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad Waseem","family":"Mumtaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry University of Gujrat Hafiz Hayat Campus  Gujrat Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Narjes","family":"Baazaoui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Labs King Khalid University  Abha Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Biology Department Faculty of Science, King Khalid University  Abha Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Tissue Culture and Cancer Biology Research Laboratory, King Khalid University  Abha Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mari","family":"Sumayli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biology Department College of Science, Jazan University  Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/chempap-2015-0190"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11746-006-1207-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2012.01.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiec.2012.07.009"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","first-page":"141","article-title":"A Chemotaxonomic Approach to the Fatty Acid and Tocochromanol Content of Cannabis sativa L. 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