{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T11:36:15Z","timestamp":1772105775117,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759968000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759968000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Microscopy Res &amp; Technique"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Bioactive implant materials are those that can chemically and mechanically interface with live bone. Even metals, ceramics, and polymers that are normally bio\u2010inert can be made to exhibit this quality by undergoing certain surface treatments. Immersion experiments in SBF, whose composition is comparable to that of human plasma, can be used for in\u00a0vitro testing. As a result, an apatite coating may grow on the surface of the material, and the existence of this bone\u2010like \u201cbiomimetic skin\u201d is thought to predict bone\u2010bonding capacity in\u00a0vivo. Hydroxyapatite is a potential bioactive substance for bone tissue development and repair. However, its poor hardness limits its use in load\u2010bearing applications. Recent research indicates that polylactic acid and polyhydroxyalkanoate have potential biocompatibility and can be used in bone implant applications. The current research aims to create biomimetic polylacticacid\/polyhydroxyalkanoate\/hydroxyapatite composite for bone tissue applications by integrating the biological recognition of natural polymers with the distinct interconnecting porosity and bio imitating features of bone, such as hydroxyapatite. The resultant PLA\/PHA\/10%HAP biopolymer composite was analyzed for biocompatibility by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive x\u2010ray spectroscopy (EDX) and x\u2010ray diffraction (XRD). The XRD analysis shows that the biopolymer composite's surface contains peaks indicative of an apatite phase. The development of an apatite layer is seen by SEM pictures. Ca\/P ratio was calculated and found to be extremely near to 1.67, the value for original HAP, suggesting that EDX elemental analysis successfully confirmed the existence of calcium and phosphate components.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jemt.70080","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T13:55:28Z","timestamp":1760018128000},"page":"400-411","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["In Vitro Studies of Polylactic Acid\/Polyhydroxyalkanoate\/Eggshell Based Hydroxyapatite Biopolymer Composite for Bone Implant Applications"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"89","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6114-5794","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Munira","family":"Khalid","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Applied Sciences and Technology Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia  Pagoh Johor Malaysia"},{"name":"Department of Chemistry Women University of Azad Jammu &amp; Kashmir  Bagh Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sharifah","family":"Adzila","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia  Parit Raja Johor Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Suzi Salwa Binti","family":"Jikan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Applied Sciences and Technology Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia  Pagoh Johor Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zalilah Murni","family":"Yunus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Applied Sciences and Technology Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia  Pagoh Johor Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nur Azam","family":"Badarulzaman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia  Parit Raja Johor Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4236\/njgc.2013.31003"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.b.30521"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymdegradstab.2018.04.024"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10856-011-4435-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpolymj.2019.01.060"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiosc.2010.07.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2005.04.036"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.progpolymsci.2007.05.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2018.05.086"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymertesting.2019.105929"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.7b00915"},{"issue":"9","key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Apatite\u2010Forming Ability of Vinylphosphonic Acid\u2010Based Copolymer in Simulated Body Fluid: Effects of Phosphate Group Content","volume":"27","author":"Hamai R.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Materials Science. 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