{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T09:59:32Z","timestamp":1790589572398,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790553600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790553600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Microscopy Res &amp;amp; Technique"],"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    The primary flight feather shaft (PFF) plays a crucial role in adjusting avian's flight posture and flight speed while bearing intense aerodynamic force, and it demonstrates exceptional mechanical properties and fracture resistance. The influence of the structure of a PFF on its fracture resistance mechanism (including crack initiation resistance and crack propagation resistance) remains unclear. This study focused on the research subject of the PFF of\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>Aegypius monachus<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    (cinereous vulture) and the impact of the macro\/microstructural characteristics and components on the fracture resistance mechanism. The results showed that the variation in cross\u2010sectional shape (from circular to square) enhanced the bending stiffness of the PFF. The PFF exhibited a maximum compressive stress of 28.85\u2009\u00b1\u20090.91\u2009MPa and a maximum tensile strength of 51.59\u2009\u00b1\u20094.43\u2009MPa. Layered fibers and the bridging structure between fibers inhibited crack initiation and propagation. The medullary foam was composed of closed\u2010cell porous units, which reduced the overall weight of the PFF and absorbed external mechanical energy. The cuticle layer contained 5.97\u2009wt% sulfur (S) and abundant cysteine disulfide bonds, which endowed the PFF surface with high rigidity and inhibited crack generation. This study reveals the influence of structural characteristics of vulture PFF on its fracture resistance mechanism and provides inspiration for the design of bioinspired lightweight composite structures.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jemt.70184","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T09:44:29Z","timestamp":1790588669000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Research on the Structural Characteristics and the Fracture Resistance Mechanism of the Primary Flight Feather Shaft in Vulture"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1491-5204","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liyan","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering Shenyang Agricultural University  Shenyang China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huitong","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering Shenyang Agricultural University  Shenyang China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuliang","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering Shenyang Agricultural University  Shenyang China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fangming","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering Shenyang Agricultural University  Shenyang China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0342-5963","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cuihong","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering Shenyang Agricultural University  Shenyang China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuqiu","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering Shenyang Agricultural University  Shenyang China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6838-5686","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Huan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering Shenyang Agricultural University  Shenyang China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mingjin","family":"Xin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering Shenyang Agricultural University  Shenyang China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]]},"reference":[{"issue":"20","key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R1110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2022.06.079","article-title":"Biomechanics of Avian Flight","volume":"32","author":"Biewener A. A.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Current Biology"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5354","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-13347-3","article-title":"Birds Repurpose the Role of Drag and Lift to Take Off and Land","volume":"10","author":"Chin D. D.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature Communications"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tws.2017.01.029","article-title":"Theoretical Study of Absorbed Energy by Empty and Foam\u2010Filled Composite Tubes Under Lateral Compression","volume":"114","author":"Elahi S. A.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Thin\u2010Walled Structures"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2020.04.007","article-title":"Keratin\u2010Based Materials for Biomedical Applications","volume":"5","author":"Feroz S.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bioactive Materials"},{"issue":"7902","key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-04477-8","article-title":"Birds Can Transition Between Stable and Unstable States via Wing Morphing","volume":"603","author":"Harvey C.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"37","key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2204847119","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2204847119","article-title":"Gull Dynamic Pitch Stability Is Controlled by Wing Morphing","volume":"119","author":"Harvey C.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America"},{"issue":"8","key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1002\/jez.b.22840","article-title":"Review: Evolution and Diversification of Corneous Beta\u2010Proteins, the Characteristic Epidermal Proteins of Reptiles and Birds","volume":"330","author":"Holthaus K. B.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Zoology Part B: Molecular and Developmental Evolution"},{"issue":"38","key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1801001","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201801001","article-title":"Hollow\u2010Structured Materials for Thermal Insulation","volume":"31","author":"Hu F.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Advanced Materials"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108088","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmecsci.2022.108088","article-title":"Effects of Cavity Shapes and Sizes on Rarefied Hypersonic Flows","volume":"245","author":"Jiang Q. H.","year":"2023","journal-title":"International Journal of Mechanical Sciences"},{"issue":"9","key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2934","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27092934","article-title":"Investigating the Functional Role of the Cysteine Residue in Dehydrin From the Arctic Mouse\u2010Ear Chickweed \n                     Cerastium arcticum","volume":"27","author":"Kim I. S.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111523","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2022.111523","article-title":"Process\u2010Structure\u2010Performance Modelling and Progressive Damage Analysis of 3D Rotary\u2010Four\u2010Directional Rectangular Braided Composites Under Tensile Load","volume":"225","author":"Li Z. J.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Materials & Design"},{"issue":"7","key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2446","DOI":"10.1002\/jemt.24100","article-title":"Microscopy Imaging and Modeling Study on the Mechanical Properties of the Primary Flight Feather Shaft of the Bean Goose, \n                     Anser fabalis","volume":"85","author":"Liu C.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microscopy Research and Technique"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-fluid-120821-032304","article-title":"Vortices and Forces in Biological Flight: Insects, Birds, and Bats","volume":"56","author":"Liu H.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111762","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2023.111762","article-title":"Mechanical Characteristics and Foam Filling Enhancement Mechanism of Polymeric Periodic Hybrid Structures Under Uniaxial Compression","volume":"227","author":"Liu T.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Materials & Design"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100933","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paerosci.2023.100933","article-title":"Engineering Perspective on Bird Flight: Scaling, Geometry, Kinematics and Aerodynamics","volume":"142","author":"Liu T. S.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Progress in Aerospace Sciences"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2015.01.035","article-title":"Structure and Mechanical Properties of Naturally Occurring Lightweight Foam\u2010Filled Cylinder\u2014The Peacock's Tail Coverts Shaft and Its Components","volume":"17","author":"Liu Z. Q.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Biomaterialia"},{"issue":"10","key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1908121","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201908121","article-title":"Structural Orientation and Anisotropy in Biological Materials: Functional Designs and Mechanics","volume":"30","author":"Liu Z. Q.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Advanced Functional Materials"},{"issue":"6475","key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaz3358","article-title":"How Flight Feathers Stick Together to Form a Continuous Morphing Wing","volume":"367","author":"Matloff L. Y.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultsonch.2023.106297","article-title":"Effect of Ultrasound on Keratin Valorization From Chicken Feather Waste: Process Optimization and Keratin Characterization","volume":"93","author":"Qin X. J.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ultrasonics Sonochemistry"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7494","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-43108-2","article-title":"Morphological Evolution of Bird Wings Follows a Mechanical Sensitivity Gradient Determined by the Aerodynamics of Flapping Flight","volume":"14","author":"Rader J. A.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nature Communications"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tws.2022.109169","article-title":"Compressive and Flexural Properties of the Novel Lightweight Tailored Bio\u2010Inspired Structures","volume":"174","author":"Sharma D.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Thin\u2010Walled Structures"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107731","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ast.2022.107731","article-title":"In\u2010Plane and Out\u2010Plane Flexural Properties of the Bird Feather\u2010Inspired Panels: Experimental, Digital Image Correlation, and Finite Element Study","volume":"127","author":"Sharma D.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Aerospace Science and Technology"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109827","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesb.2022.109827","article-title":"A Feather\u2010Inspired Interleaf for Enhanced Interlaminar Fracture Toughness of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composites","volume":"236","author":"Song W. D.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Composites Part B: Engineering"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110066","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2019.110066","article-title":"Bioinspired Avian Feather Designs","volume":"105","author":"Sullivan T. N.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Materials Science & Engineering, C: Materials for Biological Applications"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2016.05.022","article-title":"A Lightweight, Biological Structure With Tailored Stiffness: The Feather Vane","volume":"41","author":"Sullivan T. N.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Biomaterialia"},{"issue":"30","key":"e_1_2_11_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1801250","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201801250","article-title":"Hydration\u2010Induced Shape and Strength Recovery of the Feather","volume":"28","author":"Sullivan T. N.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Advanced Functional Materials"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_11_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1111\/brv.12918","article-title":"Feather Function and the Evolution of Birds","volume":"98","author":"Terrill R. S.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biological Reviews"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2016.11.006","article-title":"Seagull Feather Shaft: Correlation Between Structure and Mechanical Response","volume":"48","author":"Wang B.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Biomaterialia"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_11_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1600360","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.201600360","article-title":"Light Like a Feather: A Fibrous Natural Composite With a Shape Changing From Round to Square","volume":"4","author":"Wang B.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Advanced Science"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2017.05.015","article-title":"A Review of Terrestrial Aerial and Aquatic Keratins: The Structure and Mechanical Properties of Pangolin Scales, Feather Shafts and Baleen Plates","volume":"76","author":"Wang B.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmatsci.2015.06.001","article-title":"Keratin Structure, Mechanical Properties, Occurrence in Biological Organisms, and Efforts at Bioinspiration","volume":"76","author":"Wang B.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Progress in Materials Science"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_11_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"026015","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-3190\/ae4af2","article-title":"Mechanisms of the Impact of Cross\u2010Sectional Variations in the Primary Flight Feather Shaft on Mechanical Properties","volume":"21","author":"Wang H.","year":"2026","journal-title":"Bioinspiration & Biomimetics"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107744","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compscitech.2019.107744","article-title":"Cellulose Nanocrystal\u2010Polyetherimide Hybrid Nanofibrous Interleaves for Enhanced Interlaminar Fracture Toughness of Carbon Fibre\/Epoxy Composites","volume":"182","author":"Wang J.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Composites Science and Technology"},{"issue":"10","key":"e_1_2_11_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1002\/jez.641","article-title":"The Peacock's Train (\n                     Pavo cristatus\n                   and \n                     Pavo cristatus\n                   Mut. Alba) I. Structure, Mechanics, and Chemistry of the Tail Feather Coverts","volume":"313","author":"Weiss I. M.","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Zoology Part A: Ecological Genetics and Physiology"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1038\/d41586-022-00638-x","article-title":"Birds Trade Flight Stability for Manoeuvrability","volume":"603","author":"Wissa A.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_11_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cja.2022.06.009","article-title":"A Review of Bird\u2010Like Flapping Wing With High Aspect Ratio","volume":"36","author":"Xie C. C.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chinese Journal of Aeronautics"},{"issue":"11","key":"e_1_2_11_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9065","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2013.07.004","article-title":"Separating the Influence of the Cortex and Foam on the Mechanical Properties of Porcupine Quills","volume":"9","author":"Yang W.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Biomaterialia"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105550","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmecsci.2020.105550","article-title":"A Dragonfly Wing Inspired Biomimetic Aerodynamic Thrust Bearing for Increased Load Capacity","volume":"176","author":"Yu Y. L.","year":"2020","journal-title":"International Journal of Mechanical Sciences"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108834","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmecsci.2023.108834","article-title":"Superior Energy Absorption Characteristics of Additively\u2010Manufactured Hollow\u2010Walled Lattices","volume":"264","author":"Zhang Q.","year":"2024","journal-title":"International Journal of Mechanical Sciences"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114490","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2022.114490","article-title":"Dynamic Behaviors of Bio\u2010Inspired Structures: Design, Mechanisms, and Models","volume":"265","author":"Zhang W.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Engineering Structures"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124512","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2023.124512","article-title":"Molecular Design and Experimental Study of Deep Eutectic Solvent Extraction of Keratin Derived From Feathers","volume":"241","author":"Zhang Y. H.","year":"2023","journal-title":"International Journal of Biological Macromolecules"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108410","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2019.108410","article-title":"Shaking the Wings and Preening Feathers With the Beak Help a Bird to Recover Its Ruffled Feather Vane","volume":"187","author":"Zhao J. S.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Materials & Design"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_11_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1002\/jemt.23955","article-title":"Study on the Structural Features and Geometric Parameters Affecting the Axial Mechanical Properties of the Primary Feather Rachis","volume":"85","author":"Zhou J. F.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microscopy Research and Technique"},{"issue":"14","key":"e_1_2_11_45_1","first-page":"1616","article-title":"Reinforced Wool Keratin Fibers via Dithiol Chain re\u2010Bonding","volume":"33","author":"Zhu J.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Advanced Functional Materials"}],"container-title":["Microscopy Research and Technique"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/jemt.70184","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/jemt.70184","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/jemt.70184","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T09:44:35Z","timestamp":1790588675000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/jemt.70184"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]]},"references-count":44,"alternative-id":["10.1002\/jemt.70184"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jemt.70184","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1059-910X","1097-0029"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1059-910X","type":"print"},{"value":"1097-0029","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-02-02","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-09-22","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-09-28","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"jemt.70184"}}