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Virtual staining can convert label\u2010free images into histology\u2010like images, but its application to nonlinear imaging remains limited even though it has been well established for fluorescence and bright\u2010field imaging. In this review, we summarize the optical principles of several nonlinear imaging modalities, including multiphoton excitation fluorescence, stimulated Raman scattering, and THG microscopy. We then review the recent progression in virtual staining, major network architectures and metrics, and the main challenges for translation into the clinic. In particular, we emphasize the challenges of virtual staining in THG imaging. Unlike molecularly specific contrast mechanisms, THG contrast arises from spatial variations in refractive index and\/or third\u2010order nonlinear susceptibility. Consequently, the collected THG signals may reflect multiple structural sources, including water\u2013lipid interfaces and chromatin\u2010associated optical heterogeneity within the nucleus, making it complex and difficult to establish a direct correspondence between THG features and histological labels. By linking imaging to computational methods, this review highlights key directions for advancing THG\u2010oriented virtual staining towards clinical translation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jemt.70188","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T01:30:31Z","timestamp":1790904631000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Virtual Staining for Nonlinear Imaging of Cancers"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"given":"Zelai","family":"Deng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Modern Optics Nankai University  Tianjin China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuchen","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics  T\u00fcbingen Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2306-0340","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhiqing","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Modern Optics Nankai University  Tianjin China"},{"name":"Nankai International Advanced Research Institute (Shenzhen Futian)  Shenzhen China"},{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Semiconductor Laser Nankai University  Tianjin China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1364\/BOE.444696","article-title":"Imaging Deeper Than the Transport Mean Free Path With Multiphoton Microscopy","volume":"13","author":"Akbari N.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomedical Optics Express"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.5539\/gjhs.v8n3p72","article-title":"Histological Stains: A Literature Review and Case Study","volume":"8","author":"Alturkistani H. 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