{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T13:50:04Z","timestamp":1784123404148,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,26]],"date-time":"2024-10-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1729900800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":25,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["esskajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J. exp. orthop."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>Documentation of the wrist stabilizing effect and mechanical properties of common splinting materials is warranted to support evidence\u2010based condition\u2010specific recommendations for wrist immobilization. The objectives of this study were to assess the wrist stabilizing properties of volar and dorsal short\u2010arm splints made of four different materials and evaluate the mechanical properties of the splinting materials.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Dorsal and volar short arm splints made of plaster of Paris (PoP) (eight layers), Woodcast (2\u2009mm, rigid vented), X\u2010lite (classic, two layers) or a 3D\u2010printed material (polypropylene) were sequentially mounted on 10 cadaveric arm specimens and fixed in a radiolucent fixture. This enabled the evaluation of maximum wrist flexion and extension relative under an orthogonal load of 42\u2009N via radiographic images. In addition, a three\u2010point bending test was performed on ten sheet duplicates of each of the four splinting materials.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>When applied as a volar splint, PoP had the highest capability to resist wrist flexion and extension. However, when applied as a dorsal splint, Woodcast exhibited a lower wrist flexion and a similar wrist extension. The 3D\u2010printed splints\u2014both volar and dorsal\u2014showed the highest mean wrist flexion and extension. The mechanical properties of the Woodcast, X\u2010lite and 3D\u2010printed splinting materials were very similar. PoP exhibited distinct properties with a stiffness of 146 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 120\u2013173) N\/mm and a deflection at <jats:italic>F<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub> of 0.6 (95% CI: 0.5\u20130.7) mm compared to \u22647.7 (95% CI: 7.4\u20137.9) N\/mm and \u226520 (95% CI: 18\u201322) mm for the other materials.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>PoP displayed better wrist stabilizing properties and material stiffness than Woodcast, X\u2010lite and 3D\u2010printed polypropylene. When considering wrist stabilizing properties, PoP may still prove to be the preferred choice for wrist immobilization.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Level of Evidence<\/jats:title><jats:p>Not applicable.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jeo2.70065","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,26]],"date-time":"2024-10-26T07:00:37Z","timestamp":1729926037000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Short arm splints for wrist stabilization: A mechanical material test and cadaveric radiography study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9101-9302","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hans Christian","family":"Rasmussen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Orthopaedic Research Laboratory Aarhus University Hospital  Aarhus Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Aarhus University Hospital  Aarhus Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maya","family":"Bang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Orthopaedic Research Laboratory Aarhus University Hospital  Aarhus Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Aarhus University Hospital  Aarhus Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-6453-9681","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Johanne Gade","family":"Lille\u00f8re","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Orthopaedic Research Laboratory Aarhus University Hospital  Aarhus Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Aarhus University Hospital  Aarhus Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9893-755X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Josephine Olsen","family":"Kipp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Orthopaedic Research Laboratory Aarhus University Hospital  Aarhus Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Aarhus University Hospital  Aarhus Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lars","family":"Lindgren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Orthopaedic Research Laboratory Aarhus University Hospital  Aarhus Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Radiology Aarhus University Hospital  Aarhus Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4833-0888","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Annemarie","family":"Br\u00fcel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedicine Aarhus University  Aarhus Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7215-8323","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mats","family":"Bue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Orthopaedic Research Laboratory Aarhus University Hospital  Aarhus Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Aarhus University Hospital  Aarhus Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mads Kristian Duborg","family":"Mikkelsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Orthopaedic Research Laboratory Aarhus University Hospital  Aarhus Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Aarhus University Hospital  Aarhus Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9386-6679","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jesper Skovhus","family":"Thomsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedicine Aarhus University  Aarhus Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4530-2075","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maiken","family":"Stilling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Orthopaedic Research Laboratory Aarhus University Hospital  Aarhus Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Aarhus University Hospital  Aarhus Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","first-page":"2366","volume-title":"A biomechanical comparison of distal radius fracture stability using different external fixators","author":"Austin G.L.","year":"2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diii.2020.09.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005131-199003000-00015"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.25783"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.100119"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2020.105064"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/hanthe.2002.v15.015014"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e13640"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otsr.2022.103326"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/20584601231167146"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1481803500012239"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620x.102b1.Bjj-2019-0243.R2"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.Cd000314"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00264-016-3179-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1558944719831341"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_17_1","volume-title":"StatPearls","author":"Howell D.M."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/15589447221081864"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcm.2016.02.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00264-018-4197-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620x.102b10.Bjj-2020-0236.R3"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/1082-989X.1.1.30"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2010.03.027"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2011.08.039"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/prosthesis5030056"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2017.05.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620x.102b10.Bjj-2020-0181.R4"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2011.12.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/jbjs.E.00946"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005131-199801000-00008"}],"container-title":["Journal of Experimental Orthopaedics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/esskajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/jeo2.70065","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]],"date-time":"2025-10-16T19:30:36Z","timestamp":1760643036000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/esskajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/jeo2.70065"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,10]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/jeo2.70065"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jeo2.70065","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2197-1153","2197-1153"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2197-1153","type":"print"},{"value":"2197-1153","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-06-05","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-09-21","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-10-26","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70065"}}