{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T16:51:42Z","timestamp":1792083102654,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790294400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":86,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["esskajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J. exp. orthop."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:label\/>\n                    <jats:p>Bone marrow lesions (BMLs) of the knee are a common magnetic resonance imaging finding, defined as an alteration of the bone marrow detectable as a high signal on fluid\u2010sensitive sequences. A wide range of pathologies can present with BMLs, including traumatic lesions, osteoarthritis, subchondral insufficiency fractures and osteonecrosis. Several treatment options have been proposed to address BML, from conservative to surgical approaches. If nonoperative treatments fail, operative treatments are indicated. These procedures include intraosseous injections, unloading procedures and meniscus implants. In detail, intraosseous injections may be performed with biomaterials like calcium phosphate, or with orthobiologics like platelet\u2010rich plasma or mesenchymal stromal cells. Aim of these interventions is either to stabilise the microtrabecular tissue or to promote a healing response. Good results have been reported in the literature for many of the available surgical options, but the level of evidence is still suboptimal, and the best approach has not yet been identified.<\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:bold>Level of Evidence<\/jats:bold>\n                      : Level V, expert opinion.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jeo2.70249","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T18:21:46Z","timestamp":1790360506000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Surgical treatments of bone marrow lesions"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6352-9671","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luca","family":"Andriolo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinica Ortopedica e Traumatologica 2 IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli Bologna Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9550-5412","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandro","family":"Sangiorgio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Service of Orthopaedics and Traumatology Department of Surgery, EOC Lugano Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mats","family":"Brittberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cartilage Research Unit, Department of Orthopedics, Institution of Clinical Sciences University of Gothenburg and Team Orthopedic Research, Cartibase Varberg Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-3749-7755","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vincenzo","family":"Condello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Joint Preservation and Reconstructive Surgery and Sports Medicine Unit Humanitas Castelli Clinic Bergamo Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jack","family":"Farr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jack Farr Consulting LLC Bargersville Indiana USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0649-2336","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elizaveta","family":"Kon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital Rozzano Italy"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences Humanitas University Pieve Emanuele Milan Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1331-1740","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew S.","family":"Levy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Advanced Sports Medicine Knee and Shoulder Millburn New Jersey USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8136-0977","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Filardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Biomedical Sciences Universit\u00e0 della Svizzera Italiana Lugano Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_14_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelekin.2015.10.007","article-title":"Obesity is associated with prolonged activity of the quadriceps and gastrocnemii during gait","volume":"25","author":"Amiri P","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Electromyography Kinesiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/jeo2.70071","article-title":"A nosographic and etiopathogenetic framework for subchondral bone marrow lesions in the knee: a narrative review","volume":"12","author":"Andriolo L","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Exp Orthop"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1177\/1947603518770249","article-title":"Evaluation and management of subchondral calcium phosphate injection technique to treat bone marrow lesion","volume":"10","author":"Astur DC","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cartilage"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1186","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.G.00241","article-title":"The use of calcium phosphate bone cement in fracture treatment. 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