{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T01:02:32Z","timestamp":1790816552897,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,22]],"date-time":"2025-09-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758499200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":83,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751328000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["esskajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J. exp. orthop."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This systematic review evaluates the efficacy and feasibility of portable exoskeletons for upper limb rehabilitation in patients post\u2010stroke and with postoperative neurological complications. It focuses on motor function, range of motion (ROM), spasticity reduction and improvements in daily living activities.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Following PRISMA guidelines [12], PubMed, Cochrane, and Scopus databases were searched up to October 2024 using combinations of keywords and MeSH terms such as \u201cexoskeleton devices\u201d and \u201cshoulder rehabilitation.\u201d Included studies (January 2008\u2013October 2023) assessed portable exoskeletons for upper limb function in patients with chronic stroke or postoperative neurological complications. Excluded were studies on non\u2010portable robots, animal studies, protocols, those without quantitative outcomes, and those not involving human patients. The Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) Critical Appraisal tool, and the Risk Of Bias 2 (ROB2) tool assessed study bias.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Five selected studies included 70 patients. Evaluated exoskeletons included the Tenodesis\u2010Induced\u2010Grip Exoskeleton Robot (TIGER), Wilmington Robotic Exoskeleton (WREX), Hybrid Exoskeleton Upper Limb 30A (HEXO\u2010UR30A), and Hybrid Assistive Limb (HAL). These devices demonstrated significant improvements in motor function, ROM, spasticity reduction, and kinematic parameters. High adherence and absence of severe adverse events supported feasibility.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Portable exoskeletons are promising tools for upper limb rehabilitation post\u2010stroke and after neurological surgery. They enhance motor recovery and functional outcomes. However, moderate risk of bias, small sample sizes, and limited data in orthopedic contexts\u2014especially comparisons with conventional rehabilitation\u2014underscore the need for further high\u2010quality RCTs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Level of Evidence<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Level IV.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jeo2.70416","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,22]],"date-time":"2025-09-22T10:32:01Z","timestamp":1758537121000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Portable exoskeletons for upper limb rehabilitation: A systematic review"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Arianna","family":"Carnevale","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio\u2010Medico Rome 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