{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T20:35:41Z","timestamp":1792010141377,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,14]],"date-time":"2025-11-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763078400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":44,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759276800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["esskajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J. exp. orthop."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study aimed to assess whether immediate intramedullary nailing and delayed flap coverage increases complications of severe open tibial fractures. Current standards for care indicate temporary external fixation, followed by definitive stabilisation at the time of flap coverage within 7 days of injury. However, this approach can be difficult to coordinate for resource\u2010constrained centres. Earlier intramedullary nailing and allowing for delayed flap coverage may lead to easier coordination of care.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Patients were recruited from a trauma database between 2015 and 2024. Those included were over 18 years old with a Gustilo\u2013Anderson IIIB or IIIC open tibia fracture and at least 6 months follow\u2010up. Patients were grouped by those who had an intramedullary nail within 24\u2009h with delayed soft tissue coverage (Group 1) and those who received initial external fixation and an intramedullary nail at the time of flap (Group 2). Collected complications were deep infection, aseptic nonunion, flap failure and revision surgery. This study equates to level III evidence.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Group A (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200934) and Group B (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009115) were analysed. Gender, smoking status, age and injury severity score were not significantly different. No significant difference was found in outcomes of deep infection rate\n                      <jats:italic>\u03c7<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      (1,\n                      <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009149)\u2009=\u20090.08,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.78, nonunion\n                      <jats:italic>\u03c7<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      (1,\n                      <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009149)\u2009=\u20090.43,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.51, flap failure\n                      <jats:italic>\u03c7<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      (1,\n                      <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009149)\u2009=\u20090.35,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.56 or revision surgery\n                      <jats:italic>\u03c7<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      (1,\n                      <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009149)\u2009=\u20091.7,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.19. A binary logistic regression showed no difference in infection rates when controlling for confounders (odds ratio [OR]\u2009=\u20091.14, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.46\u20132.85,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.780).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Intramedullary nailing within 24\u2009h, without simultaneous flap coverage, does not appear to lead to increased complications in Gustilo\u2013Anderson Type IIIB\/C open tibia fractures. However, prospective studies with larger sample sizes are required to confirm these findings.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Level of Evidence<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Level III.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jeo2.70522","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,14]],"date-time":"2025-11-14T10:44:12Z","timestamp":1763117052000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Intramedullary nail prior to flap coverage may not increase complications in Gustilo\u2013Anderson Grade IIIB and IIIC open tibial fractures: A retrospective study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-4852-4113","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emily","family":"Morris","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine and Dentistry Griffith University Gold Coast Queensland Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-3693-7334","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jarrod","family":"Younger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine and Dentistry Griffith University Gold Coast Queensland Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew","family":"Hope","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Gold Coast University Hospital Southport Queensland Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9638-6125","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Richard","family":"Steer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Gold Coast University Hospital Southport Queensland Australia"},{"name":"Faculty of Health, Medicine and Behavioural Sciences The University of Queensland Herston Queensland Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed","family":"Mahmoud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine and Dentistry Griffith University Gold Coast Queensland Australia"},{"name":"Faculty of Health, Medicine and Behavioural Sciences The University of Queensland Herston Queensland Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","unstructured":"AO Surgery Reference. Principles of management of open fractures. AO Foundation;2020.https:\/\/surgeryreference.aofoundation.org\/orthopedic-trauma\/adult-trauma\/further-reading\/principles-of-management-of-open-fractures"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","unstructured":"AO Surgery Reference. External fixation for multifragmentary tibial fracture. AO Foundation.https:\/\/surgeryreference.aofoundation.org\/orthopedic-trauma\/pediatric-trauma\/tibial-shaft\/tibia-multifragmentary\/external-fixation"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","unstructured":"AO Surgery Reference. Nailing without image intensification for tibial shaft fractures. AO Foundation.https:\/\/surgeryreference.aofoundation.org\/orthopedic-trauma\/adult-trauma\/tibial-shaft\/basic-technique\/nailing-without-image-intensification"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surge.2025.01.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/med\/9780198849360.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-197658040-00004"},{"issue":"10","key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","article-title":"Impact of surgical timing on fracture healing in tibial shaft injuries: a comparative review of intramedullary nailing techniques","volume":"16","author":"Kashyap S","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/BOT.0000000000002033"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","first-page":"182","article-title":"A delay in flap coverage of open midshaft tibia fractures increases complications: a retrospective study","volume":"31","author":"Mahmoud A","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Orthop Trauma Rehabil"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","volume-title":"Fractures (complex): assessment and management","year":"2016"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcot.2021.101483"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jos.2024.03.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2022.04.009"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_12_15_1","article-title":"One\u2010stage procedure for open tibial fractures: feasible without orthoplastic surgery?","volume":"92","author":"Pari C","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Bio\u2010Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5435\/JAAOS-D-20-00502"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_17_1","unstructured":"TornettaPIII RicciW OstrumR McKeeM OllivereB deRidderV.Rockwood and Green's fractures in adults. Wolters Kluwer : Philadelphia 10th ed.;2024."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2003-8885"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-36990-3_16"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2023.110890"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0000000000009934"}],"container-title":["Journal of Experimental Orthopaedics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/esskajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/jeo2.70522","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/esskajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/jeo2.70522","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/esskajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/jeo2.70522","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T18:24:20Z","timestamp":1789842260000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/esskajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/jeo2.70522"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"references-count":20,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/jeo2.70522"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jeo2.70522","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2197-1153","2197-1153"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2197-1153","type":"print"},{"value":"2197-1153","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-06-28","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-09-19","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-11-14","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70522"}}