{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T16:51:39Z","timestamp":1792083099115,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]],"date-time":"2026-08-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785974400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":36,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["esskajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J. exp. orthop."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study aimed to compare three\u2010dimensional patellar and tibial positional changes after medial open\u2010wedge high tibial osteotomy (MOWHTO) and lateral closed\u2010wedge high tibial osteotomy (LCWHTO) using computed tomography.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This retrospective comparative cohort study included 18 patients who underwent high tibial osteotomy for medial knee osteoarthritis (9 MOWHTO, 9 LCWHTO). LCWHTO was selected for patients with patellofemoral joint degeneration, patellofemoral cartilage injury, anterior knee pain or correction angle \u226510\u00b0; MOWHTO was selected for the remaining patients. Full\u2010length lower\u2010limb computed tomography scans were obtained preoperatively and at 1 year postoperatively. Displacement and rotation of the patella and distal tibial fragment were quantified in the anterior\u2013posterior, medial\u2013lateral and proximal\u2013distal directions and in the internal\u2013external, varus\u2013valgus and flexion\u2013extension rotations and compared between groups.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In the MOWHTO group, the patella shifted distally (1.2\u2009\u00b1\u20091.9\u2009mm) with internal (3.0\u00b0\u2009\u00b1\u20091.9\u00b0) and valgus (1.9\u00b0\u2009\u00b1\u20091.5\u00b0) rotation, whereas in the LCWHTO group it shifted proximally (1.6\u2009\u00b1\u20091.9\u2009mm) with minimal rotation (proximal\u2013distal displacement,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.017; internal\u2013external rotation,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). The distal tibial fragment moved distally (3.5\u2009\u00b1\u20091.5\u2009mm) with valgus rotation (8.1\u00b0\u2009\u00b1\u20092.2\u00b0) in the MOWHTO group, but anteriorly (1.3\u2009\u00b1\u20090.7\u2009mm), medially (6.7\u2009\u00b1\u20092.3\u2009mm) and proximally (5.1\u2009\u00b1\u20092.2\u2009mm) with internal rotation (4.5\u00b0\u2009\u00b1\u20093.3\u00b0) in the LCWHTO group (all translations,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001; internal\u2013external and varus\u2013valgus rotation,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.01). Patellar distalization and internal rotation correlated with tibial fragment distalization only in the MOWHTO group.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>MOWHTO and LCWHTO produced distinctly different three\u2010dimensional positional changes of the patella and distal tibial fragment. These positional findings provide a mechanistic basis for individualised surgical decision\u2010making, but their direct impact on PF cartilage status and long\u2010term outcomes requires confirmation in future studies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Level of Evidence<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Level III, retrospective comparative cohort study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jeo2.70884","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]],"date-time":"2026-08-06T14:23:46Z","timestamp":1786026226000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Three\u2010dimensional computed tomography\u2010based comparison reveals divergent patellar and tibial tubercle behaviour between lateral closed\u2010wedge and medial open\u2010wedge high tibial osteotomy"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2916-3332","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuta","family":"Tachibana","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Sports Medicine Osaka Rosai Hospital Sakai Osaka Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kunihiko","family":"Hiramatsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Tamai Hospital Osaka Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kazutaka","family":"Kinugasa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Sports Medicine Osaka Rosai Hospital Sakai Osaka Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuzo","family":"Yamada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Yao Municipal Hospital Osaka Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomoya","family":"Nishikawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Sports Medicine Osaka Rosai Hospital Sakai Osaka Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ayaka","family":"Tanaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Sports Medicine Osaka Rosai Hospital Sakai Osaka Japan"},{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery The University of Osaka Graduate School of Medicine Osaka Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Norimasa","family":"Nakamura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Medical Science in Sports Osaka Health Science University Osaka Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomoki","family":"Ohori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery The University of Osaka Graduate School of Medicine Osaka Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiroyuki","family":"Tanaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery The University of Osaka Graduate School of Medicine Osaka Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seiji","family":"Okada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery The University of Osaka Graduate School of Medicine Osaka Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoshinari","family":"Tanaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Sports Medicine Osaka Rosai Hospital Sakai Osaka Japan"},{"name":"Department of Food and Nutrition Osaka Metropolitan University Osaka Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arthro.2025.05.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arthro.2020.12.203"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.96B9.32522"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0030-5898(20)30753-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00167-007-0305-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s43465-024-01250-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arthro.2023.05.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.knee.2017.06.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00167-019-05350-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2325967121998050"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00167-022-06988-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1051\/sicotj\/2024020"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546520960114"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00167-018-5194-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.knee.2019.01.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00167-013-2646-1"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_12_18_1","first-page":"261","article-title":"Is patellar height really lower after high tibial osteotomy?","volume":"88","author":"Miura H","year":"1997","journal-title":"Fukuoka Igaku Zasshi"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arthro.2022.11.040"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arthro.2025.03.060"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000014299"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00167-018-5015-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2013.05.024"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jisako.2021.10.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/6357109"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.25945"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00167-007-0297-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2325967120977834"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arthro.2008.08.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eats.2014.04.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00167-018-5128-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arthro.2021.01.063"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00167-011-1414-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546517720193"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eats.2020.05.008"}],"container-title":["Journal of Experimental Orthopaedics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/esskajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/jeo2.70884","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/esskajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/jeo2.70884","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/esskajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/jeo2.70884","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T16:04:11Z","timestamp":1792080251000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/esskajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/jeo2.70884"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/jeo2.70884"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jeo2.70884","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2197-1153","2197-1153"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2197-1153","type":"print"},{"value":"2197-1153","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-04-21","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-07-28","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-08-06","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70884"}}