{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T03:13:04Z","timestamp":1789614784730,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,20]],"date-time":"2020-07-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1595203200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["acsess.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J of Env Quality"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Leptospirosis is an emerging zoonotic disease in the Caribbean region and the island of Puerto Rico. Information on the presence of pathogenic\n                    <jats:italic>Leptospira<\/jats:italic>\n                    in rivers and streams of Puerto Rico is currently lacking. This study aimed to evaluate seasonal shifts in the presence of pathogenic leptospires and the level of\n                    <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    from 32 coastal locations in Puerto Rico's dry and wet seasons. Physicochemical parameters (temperature, salinity, pH, and dissolved oxygen) were determined at each site. The temperature (25.8 \u00b0C) and pH (average 7.6) values were all within acceptable USEPA regulatory standards. Thirty\u2010eight percent of the sites of the dry season and 28% of the wet season sites contained dissolved oxygen levels \u22644\u00a0mg L\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    , which is relatively low. In the dry season, 19 sites (59%) and 18 (56%) of the wet season sites had\n                    <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    counts &gt;410 most probable number (MPN) 100\u00a0ml\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    and would be considered unsafe for recreational use. The\n                    <jats:italic>lipl32<\/jats:italic>\n                    gene quantitative polymerase chain reaction assay was used for the detection of pathogenic leptospires in the samples. Low concentrations of pathogenic leptospires (&lt;60 genome copies 100\u00a0ml\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    ) at Camuy, Esp\u00edritu Santo, R\u00edo Guayanilla, Quebrada Majagual, and R\u00edo Fajardo were detected during the wet season. Pathogenic leptospires were detected (\u223c40 genome copies 100\u00a0ml\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    ) at only one site, Lo\u00edza, during the dry season. There was no predictable relationship between the physicochemical parameters, concentrations of\n                    <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and the presence of pathogenic leptospires in water samples.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jeq2.20091","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,15]],"date-time":"2020-05-15T19:00:42Z","timestamp":1589569242000},"page":"1264-1272","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Seasonal shifts in the presence of pathogenic leptospires,\n                    <i>Escherichia coli<\/i>\n                    , and physicochemical properties in coastal rivers and streams of Puerto Rico"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"49","author":[{"given":"Zamara G.","family":"Truitt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dep. of Biological and Environmental Sciences Georgia College and State Univ.  Milledgeville GA 31061 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B.","family":"Poon\u2010Kwong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dep. of Biological and Environmental Sciences Georgia College and State Univ.  Milledgeville GA 31061 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3548-7579","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"D.S.","family":"Bachoon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dep. of Biological and Environmental Sciences Georgia College and State Univ.  Milledgeville GA 31061 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E.","family":"Otero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dep. of Marine Sciences Univ. of Puerto Rico  Mayaguez Campus, P.O. Box 9013 Mayaguez PR 00681 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","first-page":"350","article-title":"Human leptospirosis in the Caribbean, 1997\u20132005: Characteristics and serotyping of clinical samples from 14 countries","volume":"29","author":"Adesiyun A. 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Retrieved fromhttps:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2018\/07\/03\/health\/sutter-leptospirosis-outbreak-puerto-rico-invs\/index.html"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_30_1","first-page":"35","article-title":"Cell aggregation: A mechanism of pathogenic Leptospira to survive in fresh water","volume":"7","author":"Trueba G.","year":"2004","journal-title":"International Microbiology"},{"issue":"57","key":"e_1_2_7_31_1","article-title":"Guidelines establishing test procedures for the analysis of pollutants; analytical methods for biological pollutants in wastewater and sewage sludge","volume":"72","author":"USEPA","year":"2007","journal-title":"Federal Register"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_32_1","volume-title":"National Water Quality Assessment for Puerto Rico","author":"USEPA","year":"2012"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_33_1","volume-title":"Water quality standards handbook","author":"USEPA","year":"2012"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.2166\/wh.2011.064","article-title":"Quantitative PCR\u2010based detection of pathogenic Leptospira in Hawai'ian coastal streams","volume":"9","author":"Viau E J.","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Water and Health"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007270","article-title":"Revisiting the taxonomy and evolution of pathogenicity of the genus Leptospira through the prism of genomics","volume":"13","author":"Vincent A. 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