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In response, use of surface water reservoirs for irrigation in the Grand Prairie critical groundwater area (GPCGA) has been implemented toward improving groundwater recovery, but effects of this strategy are unclear. We leverage publicly available satellite imagery and geospatial computational resources to estimate in GPCGA: (1) total surface water area on cropland and non\u2010cropland potentially used for irrigation using a supervised classification model and (2) causal effect of surface water area on groundwater depth\u2010to\u2010water measurements using a two\u2010way fixed effects (FE) model. We show persistent surface water area can be accurately predicted with confusion matrix accuracy ranging from 97.1% to 98.7% compared with known surface water reservoirs. Causal effect of cropland surface water reservoirs on depth\u2010to\u2010groundwater shows an approximate 0.4\u00a0m or 3.3% decrease in mean depth\u2010to\u2010water measurements for a given growing season for watersheds with a 100 ha increase in surface water area. Greatest reductions in depth\u2010to\u2010water measurements occur in those watersheds overlying regional cones of depression, corroborating previous groundwater simulation experiments. We note that alternate specifications of FE model exhibited similar effects, indicating FE model robustness. While conversion of arable land to surface water reservoirs incurs economic impacts, surface water reservoirs present a viable groundwater conservation strategy and tool for groundwater resource recovery for MRVA and other heavily stressed aquifers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jeq2.70007","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,24]],"date-time":"2025-04-24T23:10:09Z","timestamp":1745536209000},"page":"1045-1059","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Surface water irrigation reservoirs improve groundwater recovery in a heavily stressed aquifer"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"54","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0059-6831","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joshua M.","family":"Blackstock","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"USDA ARS Dale Bumpers Small Farms Research Center Booneville Arkansas USA"},{"name":"Center for Advance Spatial Technologies University of Arkansas Fayetteville Arkansas USA"},{"name":"Department of Geosciences University of Arkansas Fayetteville Arkansas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9215-9312","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Obembe","family":"Odipo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Agriculture Arkansas State University Fayetteville Arkansas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3788-7891","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aaron M.","family":"Shew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural Economics and Agribusiness University of Arkansas Fayetteville Arkansas USA"},{"name":"Product and Data Science, Acres Fayetteville Arkansas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6830-0438","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michele L.","family":"Reba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"USDA ARS Delta Water Management Research Unit Jonesboro Arkansas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2480-118X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joseph M.","family":"Massey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"USDA ARS Delta Water Management Research Unit Jonesboro Arkansas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5460-8500","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Phillip R.","family":"Owens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"USDA ARS Dale Bumpers Small Farms Research Center Booneville Arkansas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5111-5818","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christopher D.","family":"Delhom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"USDA ARS Sustainable Water Management Research Unit Stoneville Mississippi USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2019.01.040"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agwat.2005.03.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barlow J. 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