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However, little research has been conducted to confirm that this is true. Therefore, this study's objective was to determine the effect of urea application date (early fall, mid\u2010fall, late fall, late spring, early summer, and midsummer) and rate (0 and 224\u00a0kg N ha\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    ) on the apparent carbon dioxide equivalence (CO\n                    <jats:sub>2ea<\/jats:sub>\n                    ). This completely randomized field experiment was conducted six times (dates) where each treatment was replicated four times. Soil temperature and moisture along with greenhouse gases (N\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    O, CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    , and CH\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    ,) were measured every 4\u00a0h for 21 days at Aurora, SD, in 2017 and 2018. N\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    O and CH\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    were expressed in carbon dioxide equivalence, and all three gases were summed to CO\n                    <jats:sub>2ea<\/jats:sub>\n                    . Delaying the fertilizer from early to late fall decreased CO\n                    <jats:sub>2ea<\/jats:sub>\n                    from 69,375 to 18,420\u00a0g CO\n                    <jats:sub>2ea<\/jats:sub>\n                    (ha \u00d7 day)\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    . During late spring through midsummer, CO\n                    <jats:sub>2ea<\/jats:sub>\n                    were similar for the three application dates and averaged 101,500\u00a0g CO\n                    <jats:sub>2ea<\/jats:sub>\n                    (ha \u00d7 day)\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    . This study showed that the lowest CO\n                    <jats:sub>2ea<\/jats:sub>\n                    values for the 3\u00a0weeks following the application were associated with applying urea in the fall after the temperatures had decreased to less than 10\u00b0C or waiting until early summer. This research suggests that full\u2010season assessments of fall, spring, and summer urea application dates on CO\n                    <jats:sub>2ea<\/jats:sub>\n                    are warranted.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jeq2.70050","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,8]],"date-time":"2025-07-08T00:29:44Z","timestamp":1751934584000},"page":"1737-1745","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Late spring urea application increased apparent carbon dioxide equivalence emissions but fall and summer applications did not"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"54","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3823-5572","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"G. 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R.","family":"Joshi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agronomy Kansas State University  Manhattan Kansas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0450-2062","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J.","family":"Moriles\u2010Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agronomy, Horticulture, and Plant Science South Dakota State University  Brookings South Dakota USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Westhoff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agronomy, Horticulture, and Plant Science South Dakota State University  Brookings South Dakota USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S. 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