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We summarized processes by which tile\u2010drained croplands impact climate and assessed potential of conservation drainage practices to alter emissions of the greenhouse gases nitrous oxide (N\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    O) and methane (CH\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) and stocks of soil organic carbon (SOC), compared using carbon dioxide equivalents (CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    e). Controlled drainage, bioreactors, saturated buffers, and water quality wetlands can decrease nitrate leaching with little or no increase in on\u2010site N\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    O emissions, thereby decreasing indirect N\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    O emissions that would otherwise occur from downstream waters. However, under some conditions, CH\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    emissions from bioreactors and especially from wetlands can counteract climate benefits of decreased indirect N\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    O emissions. Drainage water recycling could potentially increase direct soil N\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    O emissions while decreasing indirect N\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    O emissions, but these impacts might be mitigated through sub\u2010irrigation and increased drainage intensity. Many conservation drainage practices are unlikely to markedly increase SOC, aside from saturated buffers. Expressed relative to the area of cropland treated by a given practice, saturated buffers may have the largest climate mitigation potential of examined practices due to the combination of efficient nitrate removal with low N\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    O emissions, lower risk of CH\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    emissions, and high potential for SOC accrual. In sum, available data suggest that several conservation drainage practices can plausibly contribute to climate change mitigation as well as water quality improvement, although more comprehensive studies are needed to better constrain their effectiveness.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jeq2.70058","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,10]],"date-time":"2025-07-10T05:20:05Z","timestamp":1752124805000},"page":"1698-1721","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Can conservation drainage practices contribute to climate change mitigation?"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"54","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7841-2019","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Steven J.","family":"Hall","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant and Agroecosystem Sciences University of Wisconsin\u2010Madison  Madison Wisconsin 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