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One BMP for reducing P runoff and ammonia (NH\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) volatilization that has been widely adopted is treating poultry litter with aluminum sulfate (alum). Because of the economic benefits of improved poultry production and reduced propane use, alum is now used to grow &gt;40% of the broiler chickens in the United States. The objective of this study was to determine the legacy effects of alum treatment of poultry litter on P runoff. A 30\u2010year study was conducted using paired watersheds, which were fertilized with untreated or alum\u2010treated litter for 21 years and were not fertilized for the following 9 years. During the fertilization period (1995\u20132015) when incidental P losses were occurring, the annual P loads from untreated litter (2.0\u00a0kg P ha\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    ) were 2.4 times higher than alum\u2010treated litter (0.84\u00a0kg P ha\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    ). Phosphorus losses during the unfertilized period (legacy P) from 2016 to 2024 were much lower, as would be expected; annual P loads in runoff from the watershed that had received untreated litter (0.64\u00a0kg P ha\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    ) were almost twice as high as that from alum\u2010treated litter (0.34\u00a0kg P ha\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    ), which was due to lower water\u2010soluble P in the soil. This study demonstrated that treating manure with alum has a long\u2010lasting effect on P runoff from pastures, even after fertilization has ceased, providing further evidence that this is a sustainable BMP.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jeq2.70071","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,22]],"date-time":"2025-08-22T05:31:12Z","timestamp":1755840672000},"page":"1619-1630","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Thirty year paired watershed study shows treating poultry litter with alum reduces the legacy effect on phosphorus runoff"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"54","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5162-6095","authenticated-orcid":false,"suffix":"Jr.","given":"Philip A.","family":"Moore","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"USDA\/ARS Poultry Production and Product Safety Research Unit, University of Arkansas  Fayetteville Arkansas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alden N.","family":"Hotz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Horticultural Sciences Texas A&amp;M University  College Station Texas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3238-7011","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kelsey R.","family":"Anderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"USDA\/ARS Poultry Production and Product Safety Research Unit, University of Arkansas  Fayetteville Arkansas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jerry W.","family":"Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"USDA\/ARS Poultry Production and Product Safety Research Unit, University of Arkansas  Fayetteville Arkansas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2018.02.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2134\/jeq2017.11.0447"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/csc2.20918"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","unstructured":"Breeuwsma A. &Silva S.(1992).Phosphorus fertilisation and environmental effects in the Netherlands and the Po region (Italy)(Report 57).DLO The Winand Starting Centre."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12932\u2010018\u20100052\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2012.11.054"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2134\/jeq2015.09.0499"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2134\/jeq2004.2183"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2134\/jeq2004.2192"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jeq2.20329"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2134\/jeq2014.09.0404"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jeq2.20547"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1752\u20101688.2005.tb03732.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-2113(08)60794-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1142\/8998"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2134\/jeq2015.09.0482"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/es034755s"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1081\/CSS\u2010120004825"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2134\/jeq2002.2026"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fenvs.2020.00006"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00103628409367568"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","unstructured":"Moore P. A.Jr.(1997).Use of alum to inhibit ammonia volatilization and to decrease phosphorus solubility in poultry litter. U.S. Patent 5 622 697.U.S. Patent and Trademark Office."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","unstructured":"Moore P. A.Jr.(1999a).High\u2010rise laying hen rearing facility and method. U.S. Patent 5 865 143.U.S. Patent and Trademark Office."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","unstructured":"Moore P. A.Jr.(1999b).Use of alum to inhibit ammonia volatilization and to decrease phosphorus solubility in poultry litter. U.S. Patent 5 914 104.U.S. Patent and Trademark Office."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","unstructured":"Moore P. A.Jr.(1999c).Methods for decreasing non\u2010point source pollution from poultry manure. U.S. Patent 5 928 403.U.S. Patent and Trademark Office."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","unstructured":"Moore P. A.Jr.(1999d).Use of alum to inhibit ammonia volatilization and to decrease phosphorous solubility in poultry litter. 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