{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T07:08:31Z","timestamp":1780988911136,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,17]],"date-time":"2025-12-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765929600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,17]],"date-time":"2025-12-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765929600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IRCSA 478012\u201013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IRCSA 478012\u201013"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["acsess.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J of Env Quality"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Injecting biostimulatory solutions around underground storage tanks (UGSTs) promotes petroleum hydrocarbon (PHC) bioremediation without the use of intrusive infrastructure. Yet, it is unclear how the interaction between porous bedding material (i.e., pea gravel) and biostimulatory solutions impacts PHC biodegradation rates. Consequently, we assessed whether pea gravel can act as an inert diffusion material that facilitates PHC bioremediation within UGST beds. First, we evaluated how biostimulatory solution elution through pea gravel (i.e., weathered) altered nutrient composition and benzene degradation rates. Suspected microbial activity decreased the proportion (i.e., nutrient concentration after pea gravel elution divided by initial biostimulatory solution concentration) of ammonium (0.45\u20130.84) and citrate (0.0\u20130.25) in effluents. In comparison, the proportion of anaerobic electron acceptors sulfate (0.91\u20131.08) and nitrate (0.78\u20131.0) were largely unaffected by pea gravel sorption. After 28 days, the weathered biostimulatory solution degraded 25\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.50% of added benzene at rates similar (0.010\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.002 days\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    ) to fresh biostimulatory solution (0.008\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.001 days\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    ). Next, using positron emission tomography (PET) with [\n                    <jats:sup>18<\/jats:sup>\n                    F]\u2010fluorodeoxyglucose and [\n                    <jats:sup>18<\/jats:sup>\n                    F]\u2010fluoride, we evaluated the risks of biofilm fouling to gravel beds. In agreement with the reduced nutrient concentration, PET results show that the biostimulatory solution promoted microbial growth on the surface of the pea gravel. Yet, as the pore space occupied by bacteria remained low (between 8.8% and 13%) following biostimulatory solution elution, biofilm formation is not a concern. Therefore, pea gravel environments in tank nest areas can support PHC biostimulatory solution delivery with minimal consequences.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jeq2.70114","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,17]],"date-time":"2025-12-17T14:25:53Z","timestamp":1765981553000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Analysis into the viability of pea gravel as a diffusing material for biostimulation systems in petroleum hydrocarbon\u2010contaminated soils"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"55","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0892-8287","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aim\u00e9e D.","family":"Schryer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Soil Science, College of Agriculture and Bioresources University of Saskatchewan  Saskatoon Saskatchewan Canada"},{"name":"Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences University of Copenhagen  Frederiksberg Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alejandro","family":"Alvarez Ruiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Soil Science, College of Agriculture and Bioresources University of Saskatchewan  Saskatoon Saskatchewan Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kris","family":"Bradshaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federated Cooperatives Limited  Saskatoon Saskatchewan Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven D.","family":"Siciliano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Soil Science, College of Agriculture and Bioresources University of Saskatchewan  Saskatoon Saskatchewan Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.desal.2012.06.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010019\u201054781\u2010z"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","volume-title":"Anaerobic biodegradation of organic chemicals in groundwater: A summary of field and laboratory studies","author":"Aronson D.","year":"1997"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0218316"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2136\/sssaj2017.08.0289"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","volume-title":"Canada\u2010wide standard for petroelum hydrocarbons (PHC) in soil\u2014Technical supplement","author":"Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment (CCME)","year":"2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2134\/jeq2017.02.0064"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165192"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","volume-title":"Method 3051A: Microwave assisted acid digestion of sediments, sludges, soils, and oils","author":"Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)","year":"2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e25924"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0045\u20106535(03)00265\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","volume-title":"Standard operating procedure for soil pH determination","author":"Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)","year":"2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2020.609155"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/9781003210207-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-97-2447-5_28"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11104\u2010011\u20100983\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","volume-title":"Saskatchewan upstream petroleum industry storage standards","author":"Government of Saskatchewan","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12932\u2010017\u20100046\u2010z"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2016.12.036"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2022.119344"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.8b07110"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","unstructured":"International Organization for Standardization (ISO). 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