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This study evaluates and compares four EoF runoff water sampling techniques: (1) a commercial automated sampler (ISCO) with hourly sampling, (2) a low\u2010cost internet of things sampler low\u2010cost sampler with hourly sampling, (3) hourly hand sampling (grab hourly sampling), and (4) intermittent grab sampling (GB) in 2023 and 2024 at a surface irrigated agricultural site in Fort\u00a0Collins, Colorado involving three levels of tillage intensity. Nine water quality parameters (nitrate\u2010N, nitrite\u2010N, total Kjeldahl nitrogen, orthophosphate\u2010P, total phosphorus (TP), total suspended solids (TSS), total dissolved solids, pH, and specific conductivity) were measured over nine irrigation\u2010driven and two rainfall storm runoff events. Resulting concentration values were modeled simultaneously using a Bayesian hierarchical generalized linear mixed model, enabling causal inference with uncertainty quantification while accommodating for missing data. Results show strong alignment across samplers for most analytes, confirming the validity of integrating diverse methods in long\u2010term and widespread monitoring. However, ISCO samples exhibited consistently elevated TSS and TP due to a purge\u2010induced sediment plume from the flume's stainless\u2010steel bottom intake; excluding the first ISCO sample of each pair of sample draws restored agreement with other methods. These findings show the importance of flume morphology, intake placement, purge protocol, and selective data exclusion (if necessary) to ensure comparability across sampling methods.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jeq2.70149","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,6]],"date-time":"2026-02-06T04:55:52Z","timestamp":1770353752000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Unveiling biases in water sampling: A Bayesian approach for precision in edge\u2010of\u2010field monitoring"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"55","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2803-4742","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ansley J.","family":"Brown","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Soil and Crop Sciences Colorado State University  Fort Collins Colorado USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emmanuel","family":"Deleon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Soil and Crop Sciences Colorado State University  Fort Collins Colorado USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erik","family":"Wardle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Soil and Crop Sciences Colorado State University  Fort Collins Colorado USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jakob F.","family":"Ladow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Soil and Crop Sciences Colorado State University  Fort Collins Colorado USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Allan A.","family":"Andales","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Soil and Crop Sciences Colorado State University  Fort Collins Colorado USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hyp.6396"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","unstructured":"Borchardt J.(2015).Bill targeting Lake Erie algal blooms passes Ohio Senate.Cleveland.com.https:\/\/www.cleveland.com\/open\/2015\/02\/bill_targeting_lake_erie_algal_blooms_passes_ohio_senate.html"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","volume-title":"Regulation No. 85 \u2010 Nutrients management control regulation, water quality control commission","author":"Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment","year":"2023"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/saj2.20167"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ohx.2025.e00693"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0304\u20103800(92)90087\u2010U"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0370\u20102693(87)91197\u2010X"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","unstructured":"Fishman M. 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