{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T12:09:54Z","timestamp":1777723794523,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,22]],"date-time":"2026-03-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774137600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":21,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["acsess.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J of Env Quality"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Private wells supply drinking water for many households, and their contamination by fecal microbes presents a risk of acute gastrointestinal illness (AGI). Risk is thought to vary by contaminating fecal source, but specific associations with fecal source are unknown for most private wells in the United States. This study characterizes AGI risk in Grant, Iowa, and Lafayette counties in southwestern Wisconsin. AGI risk was assessed for 10 viral, bacterial, and protozoan pathogens detected in private wells using quantitative microbial risk assessment. Exposure assessment was based on sampling 138 private wells in the study area, and risk was associated with fecal source by microbial source tracking (MST). Median Monte Carlo estimates indicated 4450 AGI cases\/year in the study area associated with drinking water from contaminated private wells (95% confidence interval: 90\u201337,990). Most annual cases were associated with detection of human MST markers, including median estimates of 2550 associated with only human markers and 880 with human and livestock MST markers detected together. Note that 50 AGI cases\/year were associated with detection of only livestock markers, and nearly 1000 cases were estimated to occur in the absence of detectable MST markers. This study characterizes AGI risk for households served by private wells in southwestern Wisconsin. It illustrates that human fecal sources can predominate risk associated with drinking water from private wells, even in a rural region characterized by substantial agricultural activity. MST can characterize the relationship between risk and fecal source; contributions of fecal sources to risk cannot be assumed from land use.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jeq2.70162","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]],"date-time":"2026-03-23T04:44:07Z","timestamp":1774241047000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Quantitative microbial risk assessment with microbial source tracking for enteric pathogens in southwest Wisconsin private wells"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"55","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5756-514X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tucker","family":"Burch","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"USDA\u2010ARS Environmentally Integrated Dairy Management Research Unit Marshfield Wisconsin USA"},{"name":"USDA\u2010ARS Laboratory for Infectious Disease and the Environment Marshfield Wisconsin USA"},{"name":"U.S. Geological Survey Upper Midwest Water Science Center  Marshfield Wisconsin USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joel P.","family":"Stokdyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"USDA\u2010ARS Laboratory for Infectious Disease and the Environment Marshfield Wisconsin USA"},{"name":"U.S. Geological Survey Upper Midwest Water Science Center  Marshfield Wisconsin USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joe","family":"Heffron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"USDA\u2010ARS Environmentally Integrated Dairy Management Research Unit Marshfield Wisconsin USA"},{"name":"USDA\u2010ARS Laboratory for Infectious Disease and the Environment Marshfield Wisconsin USA"},{"name":"U.S. Geological Survey Upper Midwest Water Science Center  Marshfield Wisconsin USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sarah A.","family":"Opelt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"USDA\u2010ARS Environmentally Integrated Dairy Management Research Unit Marshfield Wisconsin USA"},{"name":"USDA\u2010ARS Laboratory for Infectious Disease and the Environment Marshfield Wisconsin USA"},{"name":"U.S. Geological Survey Upper Midwest Water Science Center  Marshfield Wisconsin USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aaron D.","family":"Firnstahl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"USDA\u2010ARS Laboratory for Infectious Disease and the Environment Marshfield Wisconsin USA"},{"name":"U.S. Geological Survey Upper Midwest Water Science Center  Marshfield Wisconsin USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10040\u2010017\u20101557\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mran.2020.100139"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.5914"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1104499"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP7813"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C7EM00316A"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/risa.13189"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/risa.13436"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsestwater.3c00652"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.1c06472"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP7815"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2008.153619"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2166\/wh.2006.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.5b04372"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2166\/wst.1997.0700"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP160"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/596555"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199503303321304"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10040\u2010016\u20101504\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01407\u201010"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/w15030469"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.04137\u201013"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1539\u20106924.1993.tb00013.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsestwater.5c00639"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/588823"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268806006765"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1348-0421.2008.00107.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.71.6.3131\u20103136.2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2013.08.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.140382"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/risa.13676"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2023.120244"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_34_1","unstructured":"Leon D.(1990).Detection of enteroviruses and hepatitis A virus in environmental samples by gene probes and polymerase chain reaction. InAdvances in water analysis and treatment: Proceeding of the water quality technologyconference(pp.833\u2013853).American Water Works Association."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01699\u201015"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm860"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jglr.2018.01.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/PL00010972"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2017.05.284"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.03458\u201012"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0168\u20101605(96)00994\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1551\u20108833.2003.tb10413.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2166\/wh.2006.024"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/risa.12207"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0043\u20101354(01)00119\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02343\u201008"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365\u20102672.2009.04499.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2144\/00291st03"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.9b05405"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268815002083"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268815002071"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_52_1","unstructured":"Murray A. Hall A. &Kremer F.(2023).U.S. private domestic wells 2020 (well density).U.S. Environmental Protection Agency."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1752\u20101688.12937"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2014.07.033"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2020.115614"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2010.07.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_57_1","volume-title":"R: A language and environment for statistical computing","author":"R Core Team","year":"2025"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_58_1","volume-title":"Advances in Giardia research","author":"Regli S.","year":"1988"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-71724-1_4"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1701.P11101"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/risa.12323"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/risa.12006"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.0c02189"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00305\u201009"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2010.06.049"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2014.08.026"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stokdyk J. Borchardt M. Firnstahl A. Bradbury K. Muldoon M. &Kieke B. Jr.(2023).Assessing private well contamination in Grant Iowa and Lafayette Counties Wisconsin: the southwest Wisconsin groundwater and geology study(Report 2023\u201002).University of Wisconsin\u2010Madison Division of Extension.","DOI":"10.54915\/tbjg5785"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.123202"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2020.115814"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.8b05446"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.46678\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.21237"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268807008771"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2166\/wh.2013.049"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_75_1","unstructured":"USEPA. (1989).National primary drinking water regulations: Filtration disinfection turbidity giardia lamblia viruses legionella and heterotrophic bacteria; final rule(Part II. Fed Reg 54:124:27486\u201027541). USEPA.https:\/\/www.govinfo.gov\/content\/pkg\/FR\u20101989\u201006\u201029\/pdf\/FR\u20101989\u201006\u201029.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_76_1","unstructured":"USEPA. (2005).Appendices to the economic analysis for the final long term 2 enhanced surface water treatment rule volume II (H \u2010 U). USEPA.https:\/\/nepis.epa.gov\/Exe\/ZyPDF.cgi\/P100ZVY5.PDF?Dockey=P100ZVY5.PDF"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_77_1","unstructured":"USEPA. (2011).Exposure factors handbook: 2011 edition(EPA 600\/R\u2010090\/052F).USEPA Office of Research and Development."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_78_1","unstructured":"USEPA. (2023).U.S. private domestic wells 2020. USEPA.https:\/\/experience.arcgis.com\/experience\/be9006c30a2148f595693066441fb8eb\/page\/Map\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/risa.12616"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/gwat.12121"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_81_1","unstructured":"WHO. (2002).Risk assessments of Salmonella in eggs and broiler chickens.http:\/\/www.fao.org\/3\/a\u2010y4392e.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365\u20102672.2010.04684.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.9b01188"}],"container-title":["Journal of Environmental Quality"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/acsess.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/jeq2.70162","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/acsess.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/jeq2.70162","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/acsess.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/jeq2.70162","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T10:38:09Z","timestamp":1777459089000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/acsess.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/jeq2.70162"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"references-count":82,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/jeq2.70162"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jeq2.70162","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0047-2425","1537-2537"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0047-2425","type":"print"},{"value":"1537-2537","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-09-26","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-02-17","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-03-22","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70162"}}