{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T01:59:24Z","timestamp":1782439164399,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":110,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,6]],"date-time":"2026-04-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775433600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":36,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["acsess.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J of Env Quality"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Vadose zones serve as interfaces controlling contaminant transport from the land surface to underlying aquifers. While traditional research has largely focused on individual contaminant species, real\u2010world contamination often involves complex mixtures containing dozens to thousands of chemical species. This disconnect creates considerable challenges for predicting contaminant behavior, assessing environmental risks, and developing effective remediation strategies. This review examines complex contaminant mixtures in vadose zones, with emphasis on per\u2010 and polyfluoroalkyl substances, pharmaceuticals and personal care products, and hydraulic fracturing fluid additives and contaminants. We synthesize recent advances in understanding mixture behavior, including competitive sorption at air\u2010water interfaces and solid surfaces, co\u2010facilitated transport mechanisms, and transformation dynamics under co\u2010contaminant conditions. Field observations from contaminated sites reveal that mixture effects alter transport rates, retention capacities, and degradation pathways relative to single\u2010species predictions. While vadose zones function as persistent secondary sources, transient saturation conditions can enhance contaminant transport by an order of magnitude relative to constant\u2010flow predictions. Current modeling frameworks remain limited in their capability to account for complex physicochemical interactions in contaminant mixtures, particularly under transient flow and heterogeneous environments. We identify and describe six priority areas for new or enhanced research to bridge current knowledge gaps: mixture sorption and competitive transport, transformation products and reaction pathways, field\u2010scale validation studies, multi\u2010mechanism remediation technologies, integrated mixture toxicity assessment, and climate change and evolving land use impacts.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jeq2.70177","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]],"date-time":"2026-04-07T03:50:43Z","timestamp":1775533843000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Bridging single\u2010species research and mixture reality: Emerging contaminants fate and transport in vadose zones"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"55","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5661-4800","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aaron Lee M.","family":"Daigh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agronomy &amp; Horticulture University of Nebraska\u2010Lincoln  Lincoln Nebraska USA"},{"name":"Department of Biological Systems Engineering University of Nebraska\u2010Lincoln  Lincoln Nebraska USA"},{"name":"Department of Environmental, Agricultural, and Occupational Health University of Nebraska Medical Center  Omaha Nebraska USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.2c00882"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.langmuir.3c02496"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.170566"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356\u2010023\u201030811\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.173252"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.4c01615"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2021.117297"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2017.09.065"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/environments10100175"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2023WR036039"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/es061474m"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ieam.258"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0096580"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fenvs.2025.1606054"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/la053521e"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/d3em00358b"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2025.137372"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/d4va00014e"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/vzj2.20175"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2017.09.321"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.4c10246"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2136\/vzj2015.11.0144"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.00338"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.110135"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2134\/ael2015.12.0013"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2014.00667"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356\u2010025\u201036536\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2010.07.049"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/es1030799"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aay6636"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.4c13284"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.149343"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/w17091401"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics11050445"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1236281"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jeq2.20074"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2136\/vzj2007.0066"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2136\/vzj2004.1262"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2021.127437"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2024.122728"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/agg2.20042"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/agg2.20237"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cssc.202401122"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41545\u2010020\u20100051\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.150595"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_47_1","volume-title":"PFAS Technical and Regulatory Guidance Document","author":"ITRC","year":"2023"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph182312550"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D2EM00034B"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10643380290813462"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/cjss\u20102015\u20100097"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2136\/vzj2016.10.0095"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/saj2.20015"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216\u2010021\u201003392\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2022.119754"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/inteam\/vjaf102"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.6b05005"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D3EW00959A"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2172\/1168703"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2017.12.075"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2021RG000765"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.136744"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.8b02348"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D1RA09072K"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.150686"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/es00063a001"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/soilsystems7020053"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.6b00240"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.3c02034"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_70_1","volume-title":"Environmental incident reports: Oilfield incidents 1975\u20132020. Spill investigation program","author":"NDDEQ","year":"2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/vzj2.20262"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.0c05705"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.0c04473"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.4863"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12940\u2010023\u201001008\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)HZ.2153\u20105515.0000109"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.4846"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.5840"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/es501441e"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2134\/jeq2012.0323"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.2c00001"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconhyd.2025.104506"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2016.11.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/w12102758"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconhyd.2022.103984"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.143793"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2136\/vzj2007.0077"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2136\/vzj2016.07.0058"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/vzj2.70030"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.2c00819"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconhyd.2024.104382"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11157\u2010012\u20109291\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_93_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2166\/wrd.2025.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_94_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2023.132688"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_95_1","volume-title":"Drinking water health advisory for perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA)","author":"USEPA","year":"2016"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_96_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.177420"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_97_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2022.119096"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_98_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.6b04806"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_99_1","volume-title":"STOMP subsurface transport over multiple phases version 3.0 user's guide. PNNL\u201014286","author":"White M. D.","year":"2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_100_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204\u2010020\u201002758\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_101_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2017.07.024"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_102_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2017.08.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_103_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.9b05379"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_104_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.emcon.2017.04.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_105_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2022GL102655"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_106_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2136\/vzj2014.09.0115"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_107_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/w16182575"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_108_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2023WR035775"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_109_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2025.125917"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_110_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.115908"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_111_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2021.118503"}],"container-title":["Journal of Environmental Quality"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/acsess.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/jeq2.70177","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/acsess.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/jeq2.70177","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/acsess.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/jeq2.70177","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T10:38:54Z","timestamp":1777459134000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/acsess.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/jeq2.70177"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"references-count":110,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/jeq2.70177"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jeq2.70177","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0047-2425","1537-2537"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0047-2425","type":"print"},{"value":"1537-2537","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-12-06","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-03-14","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-04-06","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70177"}}