{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T06:04:09Z","timestamp":1784009049062,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]],"date-time":"2026-05-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778457600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":10,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["acsess.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J of Env Quality"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    With the encouragement of international climate agreements, scientific and economic communities are increasingly seeking innovative strategies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. This study aims to determine the net carbon balance of industrial hemp (\n                    <jats:italic>Cannabis sativa<\/jats:italic>\n                    L.) production systems, assess the technical efficiency of hemp farms, and examine the relationship between farm efficiency and carbon emissions. Primary data were collected through face\u2010to\u2010face surveys with 49 industrial hemp farms in Samsun province, the leading hemp\u2010producing region of Turkey. Carbon equivalent emissions were calculated using crop\u2010specific emission coefficients. Data envelopment analysis was employed to identify technically efficient and inefficient farms under industrial hemp seed and hemp fiber production systems. The results indicate that hemp absorbs approximately 16 times more carbon dioxide (CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) from the atmosphere than it emits. One tonne of industrial hemp production was found to reduce 1.83 tonnes of CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    , confirming hemp as a net carbon remover. The net carbon balance of technically efficient farms was 39% higher than that of inefficient farms. Efficient farms absorbed an average of 21.56 tCO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    , compared to 15.49 tCO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    for inefficient farms. The simulation results show that if inefficient farms improve their efficiency through input control, the net carbon balance could increase by 5.61 tCO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    per farm, corresponding to a total increase of 196 tCO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    . Overall, industrial hemp production systems provide significant climate\u2010regulation ecosystem services, with higher efficiency levels substantially enhancing carbon sequestration performance.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jeq2.70192","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]],"date-time":"2026-05-11T08:06:14Z","timestamp":1778486774000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Assessing the relationship between technical efficiency and net carbon balance in industrial hemp production systems in Turkey"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"55","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3607-4306","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bakiye","family":"Kilic\u2010Topuz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Agricultural Economics Ondokuz Mayis University  Samsun Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-8355-6313","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mehmet \u00dclkem","family":"Ayan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Agricultural Economics Ondokuz Mayis University  Samsun Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7161\/omuanajas.288864"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2017.02.161"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","unstructured":"Ayta\u00e7 S. Ayan A. K. &Arslano\u011flu \u015e. F.(2017).Cultivation of industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa L.)[Paper presentation].Proceedings of the Black Sea Fiber Plants Workshop: Flax\u2010Hemp\u2010Nettle 5\u20137 May Samsun Turkey. (In Turkish English summary)."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2018.04.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.30.9.1078"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","first-page":"127","article-title":"An overview on hemp (Cannabis) policy and market of Turkey","volume":"6","author":"Ba\u015fer U.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Agricultural Economics Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2134\/agronj2018.01.0045"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0377\u20102217(78)90138\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","volume-title":"Sampling techniques","author":"Cochran W. 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(2019).Climate change and agriculture: Policies responses and measures.http:\/\/www.fao.org"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","unstructured":"Food and Agriculture Organization.(2023).FAOSTAT database.https:\/\/www.fao.org\/faostat\/en\/#data\/QCL"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/su15043361"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2024.140677"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","unstructured":"Government of Ireland. (2021).Climate Action Plan (2021): Securing our future.https:\/\/www.gov.ie\/en"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","unstructured":"Hemp Cooperative Ireland. (2023).Climate change press release for August 2022.https:\/\/hempcooperativeireland.com\/media\/climate\u2010change\u2010press\u2010release\u2010for\u2010august\u20102022\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","unstructured":"Hemp Cooperative Ireland. (2025).Carbon sequestering.https:\/\/hempcooperativeireland.com\/7\u2010pillars\u2010of\u2010hemp\/carbon\u2010sequestering\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","unstructured":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. (2006).2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories: Volume 4 agriculture forestry and other land use.https:\/\/www.ipcc.ch"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","volume-title":"Contribution of Working Group III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change)","author":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change","year":"2022"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","unstructured":"Johnson R.(2014).Hemp as an agricultural commodity (report).Congressional Research Service.https:\/\/nationalaglawcenter.org\/wp\u2010content\/uploads\/assets\/crs\/RL32725.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/su15086457"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","unstructured":"Kolarikova M. 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