{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T10:06:37Z","timestamp":1790762797448,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,10]],"date-time":"2020-12-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1607558400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":9,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AI117204"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AI117204"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AI151171"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AI151171"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J of Extracellular Vesicle"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Lymphatic filariasis (LF) is a disease caused by parasitic filarial nematodes that is endemic in 49 countries of the world and affects or threatens over 890 million people. Strategies to control LF rely heavily on mass administration of anthelmintic drugs including ivermectin (IVM), a macrocyclic lactone drug considered an Essential Medicine by the WHO. However, despite its widespread use the therapeutic mode of action of IVM against filarial nematodes is not clear. We have previously reported that filarial nematodes secrete extracellular vesicles (EVs) and that their cargo has immunomodulatory properties. Here we investigate the effects of IVM and other anti\u2010filarial drugs on parasitic nematode EV secretion, motility, and protein secretion. We show that inhibition of EV secretion was a specific property of IVM, which had consistent and significant inhibitory effects across nematode life stages and species, with the exception of male parasites. IVM inhibited EV secretion, but not parasite motility, at therapeutically relevant concentrations. Protein secretion was inhibited by IVM in the microfilariae stage, but not in any other stage tested. Our data provides evidence that inhibiting the secretion of immunomodulatory EVs by parasitic nematodes could explain, at least in part, IVM mode of action and provides a phenotype for novel drug discovery.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jev2.12036","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,10]],"date-time":"2020-12-10T18:45:53Z","timestamp":1607625953000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["Ivermectin inhibits extracellular vesicle secretion from parasitic nematodes"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Hannah J.","family":"Loghry","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine Iowa State University  Ames Iowa USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wang","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine Iowa State University  Ames Iowa USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mostafa","family":"Zamanian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiological Sciences University of Wisconsin\u2010Madison  Madison Wisconsin USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicolas J.","family":"Wheeler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiological Sciences University of Wisconsin\u2010Madison  Madison Wisconsin USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Timothy A.","family":"Day","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine Iowa State University  Ames Iowa USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael J.","family":"Kimber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine Iowa State University  Ames Iowa USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2992"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1016\/S0026-895X(25)12943-X","article-title":"Avermectin\u2010sensitive chloride currents induced by Caenorhabditis elegans RNA in Xenopus oocytes","volume":"40","author":"Arena J. 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