{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T22:37:39Z","timestamp":1792795059385,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,14]],"date-time":"2022-03-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1647216000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":13,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J of Extracellular Vesicle"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Several vaccines have been introduced to combat the coronavirus infectious disease\u20102019 (COVID\u201019) pandemic, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS\u2010CoV\u20102). Current SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 vaccines include mRNA\u2010containing lipid nanoparticles or adenoviral vectors that encode the SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 Spike (S) protein of SARS\u2010CoV\u20102, inactivated virus, or protein subunits. Despite growing success in worldwide vaccination efforts, additional capabilities may be needed in the future to address issues such as stability and storage requirements, need for vaccine boosters, desirability of different routes of administration, and emergence of SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 variants such as the Delta variant. Here, we present a novel, well\u2010characterized SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 vaccine candidate based on extracellular vesicles (EVs) of\n                    <jats:italic>Salmonella typhimurium<\/jats:italic>\n                    that are decorated with the mammalian cell culture\u2010derived Spike receptor\u2010binding domain (RBD). RBD\u2010conjugated outer membrane vesicles (RBD\u2010OMVs) were used to immunize the golden Syrian hamster (\n                    <jats:italic>Mesocricetus auratus<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) model of COVID\u201019. Intranasal immunization resulted in high titres of blood anti\u2010RBD IgG as well as detectable mucosal responses. Neutralizing antibody activity against wild\u2010type and Delta variants was evident in all vaccinated subjects. Upon challenge with live virus, hamsters immunized with RBD\u2010OMV, but not animals immunized with unconjugated OMVs or a vehicle control, avoided body mass loss, had lower virus titres in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, and experienced less severe lung pathology. Our results emphasize the value and versatility of OMV\u2010based vaccine approaches.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jev2.12192","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,14]],"date-time":"2022-03-14T23:26:29Z","timestamp":1647300389000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":137,"title":["A bacterial extracellular vesicle\u2010based intranasal vaccine against SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 protects against disease and elicits neutralizing antibodies to wild\u2010type and Delta variants"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Linglei","family":"Jiang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine  Baltimore MD USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tom A.P.","family":"Driedonks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine  Baltimore MD USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8907-6954","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wouter S.P.","family":"Jong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Abera Bioscience AB  Uppsala Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Santosh","family":"Dhakal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health  Baltimore Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H.","family":"Bart van den Berg van Saparoea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Abera Bioscience AB  Uppsala Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0161-8024","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ioannis","family":"Sitaras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health  Baltimore Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruifeng","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health  Baltimore Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher","family":"Caputo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health  Baltimore Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kirsten","family":"Littlefield","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health  Baltimore Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maggie","family":"Lowman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine  Baltimore MD USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mengfei","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2010Head and Neck Surgery Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine  Baltimore MD USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriela","family":"Lima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine  Baltimore MD USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0392-268X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olesia","family":"Gololobova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine  Baltimore MD USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell Biology Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine  Baltimore MD USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vasiliki","family":"Mahairaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetic Medicine and The Richman Family Precision Medicine Centre of Excellence in Alzheimer's Disease Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine  Baltimore Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Riley Richardson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine  Baltimore MD USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathleen R.","family":"Mulka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine  Baltimore MD USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew P.","family":"Lane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2010Head and Neck Surgery Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine  Baltimore MD USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sabra L.","family":"Klein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health  Baltimore Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Pekosz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health  Baltimore Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cory","family":"Brayton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine  Baltimore MD USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph L.","family":"Mankowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine  Baltimore MD USA"},{"name":"Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine  Baltimore MD USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joen","family":"Luirink","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Abera Bioscience AB  Uppsala Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Molecular Microbiology, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules Medicines and Systems (AIMMS) Vrije Universiteit  Amsterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jason S.","family":"Villano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine  Baltimore MD USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1664-4233","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kenneth W.","family":"Witwer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine  Baltimore MD USA"},{"name":"Department of Genetic Medicine and The Richman Family Precision Medicine Centre of Excellence in Alzheimer's Disease Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine  Baltimore Maryland USA"},{"name":"Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine  Baltimore MD USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.179.11.7692"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jev2.12079"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2003.08.027"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2035389"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI139306"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2024671"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.3199"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/nn501312q"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2009.01.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00974-21"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00974-21"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2018.07.035"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1200742"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamem.2009.08.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.169.1.566"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.372.6549.1375"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2014.08.089"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2109744118"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3402\/jev.v3.26913"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","article-title":"Infection with the SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 delta variant is associated with higher infectious virus loads compared to the alpha variant in both unvaccinated and vaccinated individuals","author":"Luo C. 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