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The sEVs have been shown to drive Th1\u2010type adaptive immune responses against intracellular infections such as <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>. In this study, we have demonstrated that an administration of sEVs produced by <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\u2010infected macrophages to BALB\/c mice that were then challenged with <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> infection decreased bacterial load in infected animals and led to protection against a lethal dose of <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>. Second, the same sEVs induced a robust production of IgA anti\u2010<jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> antibodies (Abs) in BALB\/c mice, including IgA anti\u2010OmpD Abs. These results show that the nanoscale sEVs stimulate adaptive immune responses against intracellular pathogens and that these sEVs can be used to provide animals with complete protection against lethal infection, such as the systemic bacterial infection in immunodeficient BALB\/c mice.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jev2.12267","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,22]],"date-time":"2022-09-22T07:01:34Z","timestamp":1663830094000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Extracellular vesicles elicit protective immune responses against <i>Salmonella<\/i> infection"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0258-5834","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lisa E","family":"Emerson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Cell Science Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences University of Florida  Gainesville Florida USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hailey","family":"Barker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Cell Science Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences University of Florida  Gainesville Florida USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Terri","family":"Tran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Cell Science Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences University of Florida  Gainesville Florida USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samantha","family":"Barker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Cell Science Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences University of Florida  Gainesville Florida USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samantha","family":"Enslow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Cell Science Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences University of Florida  Gainesville Florida USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Ou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Cell Science Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences University of Florida  Gainesville Florida USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carol","family":"Hoffman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases &amp; Immunology College of Veterinary Medicine University of Florida  Gainesville Florida USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melissa","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Cell Science Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences University of Florida  Gainesville Florida USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David W.","family":"Pascual","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases &amp; Immunology College of Veterinary Medicine University of Florida  Gainesville Florida USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariola J.","family":"Edelmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Cell Science Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences University of Florida  Gainesville Florida USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nano.2017.03.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yexmp.2016.05.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.71.5.2839-2858.2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.01043"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201343727"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15252\/embr.201846613"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2017.1334032"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.02970"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-14655-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","first-page":"14","article-title":"Current understanding of extracellular vesicle homing\/tropism","volume":"2","author":"Edelmann M. 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