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The effects of EVs were evaluated in intestinal, endothelial, Kupffer and stellate cells. Non\u2010muscular myosin light chain kinase (nmMLCK) deficient mice were used in vivo. Bacterial origins of fEVs were analysed by 16s rDNA gene sequencing. fEVs and small cEVs were composed of prokaryotic and eukaryotic origins. Only NASH\u2010fEVs exerted deleterious effects. NASH\u2010fEVs increased intestinal permeability and reduced expression of tight junction proteins that were prevented by nmMLCK inhibition, increased endothelial cell permeability and inflammatory cytokines and chemokines requiring TLR4\/lipopolysaccharide pathway. NASH\u2010fEVs and NASH\u2010cEVs activated profibrotic and proinflammatory proteins of hepatic stellate cells. Treatment with NASH\u2010fEVs evoked an increase in intestinal permeability in wild type but not in nmMLCK deficient mice. Bacterial origins of fEVs were different between NAFLD and NASH patients and 16 amplicon sequence variants were differentially abundant. We demonstrate that fEVs actively participate in barrier dysfunctions leading to liver injuries underscoring the role of nmMLCK and lipopolysaccharide carried by fEVs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jev2.12303","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,28]],"date-time":"2023-01-28T05:42:58Z","timestamp":1674884578000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":68,"title":["Faeces\u2010derived extracellular vesicles participate in the onset of barrier dysfunction leading to liver diseases"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Lionel","family":"Fizanne","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire HIFIH UPRES EA 3859 SFR ICAT 4208 Universit\u00e9 d'Angers  Angers France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandre","family":"Villard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire HIFIH UPRES EA 3859 SFR ICAT 4208 Universit\u00e9 d'Angers  Angers France"},{"name":"INSERM UMR1063 Stress Oxydant et Pathologies M\u00e9taboliques Facult\u00e9 de Sant\u00e9 Universit\u00e9 d'Angers Universit\u00e9 Bretagne Loire  Angers France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nadia","family":"Benabbou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INSERM UMR1063 Stress Oxydant et Pathologies M\u00e9taboliques Facult\u00e9 de Sant\u00e9 Universit\u00e9 d'Angers Universit\u00e9 Bretagne Loire  Angers France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sylvain","family":"Recoquillon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INSERM UMR1063 Stress Oxydant et Pathologies M\u00e9taboliques Facult\u00e9 de Sant\u00e9 Universit\u00e9 d'Angers Universit\u00e9 Bretagne Loire  Angers France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0271-0490","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raffaella","family":"Soleti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INSERM UMR1063 Stress Oxydant et Pathologies M\u00e9taboliques Facult\u00e9 de Sant\u00e9 Universit\u00e9 d'Angers Universit\u00e9 Bretagne Loire  Angers France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erwan","family":"Delage","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire des Sciences du Num\u00e9rique de Nantes (LS2N) CNRS UMR 6004 \u2013 Universit\u00e9 de Nantes  Nantes France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mireille","family":"Wertheimer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INSERM UMR1063 Stress Oxydant et Pathologies M\u00e9taboliques Facult\u00e9 de Sant\u00e9 Universit\u00e9 d'Angers Universit\u00e9 Bretagne Loire  Angers France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xavier","family":"Vidal\u2010G\u00f3mez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INSERM UMR1063 Stress Oxydant et Pathologies M\u00e9taboliques Facult\u00e9 de Sant\u00e9 Universit\u00e9 d'Angers Universit\u00e9 Bretagne Loire  Angers France"},{"name":"PhyMedExp University of Montpellier INSERM, CNRS  Montpellier France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thibauld","family":"Oullier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 de Nantes Inserm TENS The Enteric Nervous System in Gut and Brain Diseases IMAD  Nantes France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samuel","family":"Chaffron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire des Sciences du Num\u00e9rique de Nantes (LS2N) CNRS UMR 6004 \u2013 Universit\u00e9 de Nantes  Nantes France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. 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