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The findings reveal that OMV\u2010associated HapA disrupts the integrity of tight and adherens junctions in intestinal epithelial cell models more effectively than its purified counterpart, suggesting that association with OMVs substantially potentiates the pathogenic effects of HapA. The study further details the uptake of\n                    <jats:italic>V. cholerae<\/jats:italic>\n                    OMVs by epithelial cells, as well as their targeted degradation of key junctional proteins, including claudin, ZO\u20101, and \u03b2\u2010catenin. These results highlight the critical role of OMV\u2010associated HapA in compromising epithelial barrier function. Additionally, the use of spheroids and intestinal organoids in our experiments provides deeper insight into bacterial pathogenesis, offering valuable information for the development of targeted therapeutic strategies.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jev2.70092","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,26]],"date-time":"2025-05-26T00:38:32Z","timestamp":1748219912000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Hemagglutinin Protease HapA Associated With\n                    <i>Vibrio cholerae<\/i>\n                    Outer Membrane Vesicles (OMVs) Disrupts Tight and Adherens Junctions"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Palwasha","family":"Baryalai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Biology and Ume\u00e5 Centre for Microbial Research (UCMR) Ume\u00e5 University  Ume\u00e5 Sweden"},{"name":"The Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS) Ume\u00e5 University  Ume\u00e5 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