{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T02:54:41Z","timestamp":1783652081222,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,18]],"date-time":"2025-08-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755475200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":17,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]],"date-time":"2025-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754006400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100021171","name":"Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation of Guangdong Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100021171","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100014219","name":"National Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100014219","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003453","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003453","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J of Extracellular Vesicle"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    The immune evasion strategies and lifelong latency of herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV\u20102) present significant challenges for effective treatment. Recent studies have demonstrated that the commensal microbiota plays an important role in regulating immunity against viral infections. We previously reported that\n                    <jats:italic>Lactobacillus rhamnosus<\/jats:italic>\n                    GG (LGG) activates the expression of type I interferons (IFN\u2010I) to inhibit HSV\u20102 infection. However, the specific molecular mechanisms remain unclear. Bacterial extracellular vesicles (EVs) are small lipid bilayer\u2010bound particles secreted by bacteria, which can serve as intercellular communication vehicles between the host and pathogens, functioning as immunomodulatory vectors defending against viral infections. In this study, we confirmed that LGG\u2010EVs activate the nucleotide\u2010binding oligomerisation domain\u2010containing protein 2 (NOD2)\u2010IFN\u2010I signalling pathway, inducing the expression of interferon\u2010stimulated genes (ISGs) to combat HSV\u20102 infection both in vivo and in vitro. Furthermore, we explored the specific components within LGG\u2010EVs and identified the presence of muramyl dipeptide (MDP). We demonstrated that MDP\u2010enriched LGG\u2010EVs effectively inhibit HSV\u20102 infection via activation of the NOD2\u2010IFN\u2010I pathway. These findings suggest that LGG\u2010EVs could serve as a novel therapeutic strategy for HSV\u20102 and provide a mechanistic foundation for future antiviral research.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jev2.70152","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,19]],"date-time":"2025-08-19T00:21:46Z","timestamp":1755562906000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Extracellular Vesicles Containing MDP Derived from\n                    <i>Lactobacillus rhamnosus<\/i>\n                    GG Inhibit HSV\u20102 Infection by Activating the NOD2\u2010IFN\u2010I Signalling Pathway"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Jingyu","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Precision Medical Diagnostics, Guangdong Engineering and Technology Research Center for Rapid Diagnostic Biosensors, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Single\u2010cell and Extracellular Vesicles, Nanfang Hospital Southern Medical University  Guangzhou P. R. China"},{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine  Guangzhou P. R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haoming","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Clinical Laboratory Zhujiang Hospital Southern Medical University  Guangzhou P. R. China"},{"name":"School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology Southern Medical University  Guangzhou P. R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mei","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Clinical Laboratory Zhujiang Hospital Southern Medical University  Guangzhou P. R. 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China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0299-4462","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qian","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Clinical Laboratory Zhujiang Hospital Southern Medical University  Guangzhou P. R. China"},{"name":"School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology Southern Medical University  Guangzhou P. R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2576-8780","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lei","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Precision Medical Diagnostics, Guangdong Engineering and Technology Research Center for Rapid Diagnostic Biosensors, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Single\u2010cell and Extracellular Vesicles, Nanfang Hospital Southern Medical University  Guangzhou P. R. China"},{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine  Guangzhou P. R. China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Multi\u2010organ Injury Prevention and Treatment, Nanfang Hospital Southern Medical University  Guangzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-8806-882X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiumei","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Precision Medical Diagnostics, Guangdong Engineering and Technology Research Center for Rapid Diagnostic Biosensors, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Single\u2010cell and Extracellular Vesicles, Nanfang Hospital Southern Medical University  Guangzhou P. R. China"},{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine  Guangzhou P. R. 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C.Kundu andB.Xiao.2025. \u201cApplication of Bacterial Extracellular Vesicles in Gastrointestinal Diseases.\u201dTrends in Biotechnology ahead of print June 20.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tibtech.2025.05.022.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2025.05.022"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/INMD.20230017"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14760584.2021.1960162"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.06.029"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/IN9.0000000000000024"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2023.05.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12185\u2010022\u201003436\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2020.12.127"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/INMD.20220020"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.5c03106"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2018.04.003"}],"container-title":["Journal of Extracellular Vesicles"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/isevjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/jev2.70152","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/isevjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/jev2.70152","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/isevjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/jev2.70152","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,8]],"date-time":"2026-03-08T08:32:49Z","timestamp":1772958769000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/isevjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/jev2.70152"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]},"references-count":59,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/jev2.70152"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jev2.70152","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2001-3078","2001-3078"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2001-3078","type":"print"},{"value":"2001-3078","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]},"article-number":"e70152"}}