{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]],"date-time":"2026-03-23T09:13:19Z","timestamp":1774257199231,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773187200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":10,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J of Extracellular Vesicle"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Muscle defects caused by accidents, tumour resection and congenital malformations affect paediatric and adult patients. In this context, the neural\u2010muscle regeneration potential of mesenchymal stromal\/stem cells derived from extracellular vesicles (EV) has been demonstrated by our group and others, but the mechanism by which EVs act remains unknown. This work aimed to investigate the neural\u2010muscle regeneration mechanism shown by EVs\n                    <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    using three\u2010dimensional (3D) multicellular\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    models. We used (1) human muscle decellularised tissue (ECM) engineered with human muscle precursor cells (hMPC) together with macrophages THP\u20101 (M0) and (2) organotypic spinal cord from rat foetuses. We also studied neuroinflammation in 2D with primary microglia cells stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Samples treated with good manufacturing practices (GMP)\u2010grade EVs were assessed, combining functional analyses, protein and gene expression. In the functional muscle model, EVs protect the cells from death after damage, decreasing cCAS3 and stimulating cell proliferation. The protein array and gene results highlighted that EVs act through the downregulation of the TNF\u03b1 factor. In parallel, in both neuroinflammation\u2010induced microglia and organotypic spinal cord\u2010damaged models, EVs regulated the neuroinflammation by inhibiting TNF\u03b1 and promoting neural axon sprouting. In summary, EVs guard great potential for tissue regeneration by TNF\u03b1 modulation, promoting muscle\u2010neural regeneration.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jev2.70237","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T14:51:31Z","timestamp":1773240691000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Extracellular Vesicles From Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Drive Muscle and Neuronal Regeneration Through TNF\u03b1 Modulation"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2900-7655","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agner Henrique","family":"Dorigo Hochuli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Lab Institute of Paediatric Research Citt\u00e0 della Speranza  Padova Italy"},{"name":"Department of Women's and Children's Health University of Padova  Padova Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6938-6851","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefania","family":"D'Agostino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Lab Institute of Paediatric Research Citt\u00e0 della Speranza  Padova Italy"},{"name":"Department of Women's and Children's Health University of Padova  Padova Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-1703-1354","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lucia","family":"Rossi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Lab Institute of Paediatric Research Citt\u00e0 della Speranza  Padova Italy"},{"name":"Department of Women's and Children's Health University of Padova  Padova Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-2237-6690","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Beatrice","family":"Auletta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Industrial Engineering University of Padova Padova Italy"},{"name":"Neuromuscular engineering lab Institute of Paediatric Research Citt\u00e0 della Speranza  Padova Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7009-8707","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leonardo","family":"Nogara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Sciences Department University of Padova  Padova Italy"},{"name":"Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM)  Padova Italy"},{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences University of Padova Padova Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giovanni","family":"Tafuro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences University of Padova Padova Italy"},{"name":"Unired s.r.l.  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