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We hypothesised that bacterial extracellular vesicles (EVs), also known as outer membrane vesicles, may represent a novel mechanism for nucleomodulin delivery to host cells. To address this, we studied the role of EVs in the secretion of\n                    <jats:italic>Helicobacter pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                    tumour necrosis factor\u2010\u03b1\u2010inducing protein (Tip\u03b1), a protein that was reported to undergo nuclear trafficking and to promote carcinogenesis. Importantly, we showed that most Tip\u03b1 present in\n                    <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                    culture supernatants is associated with EVs and, moreover, is encapsulated within these particles in its biologically active dimeric form. Confocal microscopy and cell fractionation studies demonstrated that EVs carry Tip\u03b1 to the nuclear compartment of host cells and can bind host DNA. EVs from isogenic\n                    <jats:italic>tipA<\/jats:italic>\n                    mutants induced greater pro\u2010inflammatory cytokine responses in host cells than EVs from wild\u2010type bacteria; however, this effect was dependent on the EV isolation method. We propose that EVs represent a new mechanism by which bacteria secrete and deliver nucleomodulins to their target cells, resulting in altered immune responses and possibly carcinogenesis.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jev2.70286","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T19:06:38Z","timestamp":1777575998000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Outer Membrane Vesicles Mediate the Secretion and Nuclear Trafficking of a Bacterial Nucleomodulin"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-8191-8381","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jack K.","family":"Emery","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases Hudson Institute of Medical Research  Melbourne Australia"},{"name":"Department of Molecular and Translational Sciences Monash University  Melbourne Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9426-5568","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Variya","family":"Nemidkanam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases Hudson Institute of Medical Research  Melbourne Australia"},{"name":"Clinical Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine Department of Clinical Chemistry Faculty of Allied Health Sciences Chulalongkorn University  Bangkok Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0112-975X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nina","family":"Colon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases Hudson Institute of Medical Research  Melbourne Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-9858-520X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kate R. 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